Latin American & Iberian Studies

Información e investigación europeas sobre América Latina. El Portal es fruto de la cooperación entre las redes REDIAL y CEISAL; su objetivo es ofrecer un completo Sistema de información especializado en la investigación europea en Ciencias Humanas y Sociales sobre América Latina.

The Archive of Hispanic Literature on Tape was begun in 1943 by the Hispanic Division of the Library of Congress to record audio recordings of poets and prose writers from Spain, Portugal, Latin America, the Caribbean and from the Hispanic Community in the United States reading from their works.

To date, close to 750 authors have been recorded including Nobel Laureates Juan Ramón Jiménez, Vicente Aleixandre, Camilo José Cela, Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, Miguel Angel Asturias, Gabriel García Márquez, Octavio Paz, and Mario Vargas Llosa. Other authors of note include Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortázar, Elena Poniatowska, Carlos Fuentes, Jorge Amado, and Nélida Piñón.

32 countries are represented in this diverse recorded sound collection which includes readings in Spanish, English, Portuguese, Catalan, Basque, French, Dutch, Creole, Náhuatl, Zapotec, Quechua and Aymara. The majority of the recordings have been done in the Library of Congress' Recording Laboratory. Researchers may listen to the recordings in the Hispanic Division Reading Room. The AHLOT is still actively capturing the voices of contemporary Luso-Hispanic literature to this day.

A selection of the AHLOT was launched online on September 2015. For the first time a number of these recordings are available as streamed audio. 50 newly digitized
recordings are added to this site yearly.

The archive is made up of more than 1.3 million pages of digitized historical material across 33 archival collections from the United States and Europe. The historical collections provide original manuscripts, signed letters, expedition records, reports, maps, diaries, descriptions of voyages, ephemera, and more. Coverage extends from the 15th to 20th century, providing information about the indigenous peoples of the region, the Conquest (la Conquista), colonial rule, religion, struggles for independence, and political, economic, and social progress and issues in newly independent nations

Parts of this Archive
• Brazil's Popular Groups, 1966-1986
• Colección de Documentos Inéditos Relativos al Descubrimiento, Conquista Y Organización de Las Antiguas Posesiones Españolas de America Y Oceania. -- Madrid : M.B. de Quyros, 1864-1884
• Conquistadors: The Struggle for Colonial Power in Latin America, 1492-1825
• Despatches From U.S. Consuls in Havana, Cuba, 1783-1906
• Latin American History and Culture: An Archival Record, Series 1: The Yale University Collection of Latin American Manuscripts, Parts 1-7
• Latin American and Iberian biographies
• Latin American Independence: Nineteenth Century Political and Official Pamphlets
• Mexican and Central American Political and Social Ephemera
• Papers of Agustin de Iturbide, 1799-1880
• US State Department records on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico and more
About the Source Collections

Archives Unbound presents topically-focused digital collections of historical documents that support the research and study needs of scholars, researchers, and students at the college and university level. A multi-disciplinary resource, collections cover a broad range of topics from the Middle Ages forward-from Witchcraft to World War II to twentieth-century political history. Particular strengths include U.S. foreign policy; U.S. civil rights; global affairs and colonial studies; and modern history. Collections are chosen based on requests from scholars, archivists, and students.
You can search these collections either individually or across multiple collections at once.

• Argentina Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1960-1963
• Bolivia: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1960-1963
• Brazil: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1960-1963
• Chile: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1930-1963
• Colombia: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1960-1963
• Crisis in the Dominican Republic: Records of the U.S. State Department Central Files, February 1963-1966
• Cuartel General del Sur, 1910-1925
• Ecuador: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1960-1963
• Evangelism in Latin America: Correspondence of the Board of Foreign Missions, 1854-1911
• Federal Surveillance of the Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño
• Foreign Relations Between the U.S. and Latin America and the Caribbean States, 1930-1944
• Foreign Relations between Latin America and the Caribbean States, 1930-1944
• Nicaragua: Political Instability and U.S. Intervention, 1910-1933
• Nicaragua: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1960-1963
• Panama: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1950-1963
• Peru: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1960-1963
• Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Chile, 1945-1959
• Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Colombia, 1945-1959
• Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Costa Rica, 1945-1959
• Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Ecuador, 1945-1959
• Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Panama, 1950-1959
• Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Paraguay, 1945-1959
• Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Peru, 1945-1959
• Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Uruguay, 1945-1959
• Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Venezuela, 1945-1959
• Revolution in Honduras and American Business: The Quintessential "Banana Republic"
• Revolution in Mexico, the 1917 Constitution, and Its Aftermath: Records of the U.S. State Department
• The Mafia in Florida and Cuba: FBI Surveillance of Meyer Lansky and Santo Trafficante, Jr.
• U.S. Relations with Panama and Operation Just Cause
• U.S. and Castro's Cuba, 1950-1970: The Paterson Collection
• Venezuela: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1960-1963

Nacida bajo los auspicios de ABINIA, BDPI da acceso a los recursos digitales de Bibliotecas Nacionales iberoamericanas

The Biblioteca Digital Hispanica offers digital access to collections in Spanish from the national library of Spain, including: manuscripts; books; maps; and photos from the fifteenth century onwards. Collections of interest comprise the exhibition on the War of Independence in 1808 as well as the Colección Hispanoamérica. The map collection also includes several British printed early maps of the Caribbean, North and South America.

El Centro de Documentación de los Movimientos Armados (CeDeMA) es un ámbito creado para reflejar todas las expresiones escritas emanadas de las organizaciones político militares del continente americano.
Desde el CeDeMA consideramos que la vía de las armas no ha sido suficientemente analizada, ni tampoco tuvo correlato en estudios objetivos, elemento fundamental para la comprensión de un fenómeno tan difícil y complejo.

A tal efecto, toda la documentación elaborada por grupos guerrilleros, movimientos armados y agrupaciones revolucionarias de la región será reunida, compilada, recopilada y encontrará un lugar destinado a componer un acervo histórico y ofrecerlo a investigadores, instituciones e interesados en el pasado, presente y futuro de esta modalidad de intervención política.

Además se propone la investigación de esta materia, alentando su estudio multi/interdisciplinario para dar a conocer los trabajos que surjan al respecto, a través de una actualización cotidiana de su sitio electrónico en la red de redes.

El Centro de Documentación de los Movimientos Armados se fundamenta como un instituto sin fines de lucro ni ligas partidarias, pero interesado en el conocimiento y depositario de todos los materiales producidos por aquellas expresiones que hicieron de la lucha armada una opción.

Esta circunstancia provee, estamos seguros, de la necesidad y el fundamento para llevar adelante la conformación a partir del año 2005 del CeDeMA, entendiendo a éste como un aporte concreto en conocer una de las formas políticas, militares y sociales que siempre, aún con características específicas y argumentos disímiles, ha existido en América.

Microfilm Guide.
105 microfilm reels held at the Center for Research Libraries, To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form
Includes the British Library's "Venezuela Papers," a collection of 40 manuscript volumes of official letters and documents relating to the Spanish occupation of Trinidad, Margarita, Guiana, Venezuela and other adjacent provinces and islands and their differences there with the English, dating from 1530 to 1824
Documents are by Hernán Cortés, Antonio O'Brien, Pedro de Rivera, Félix de Azara, Jaime Rasquin, Don Francisco de Bucareli y Ursúa, John Chilton, Field-Marshal James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawly, Henry Coventry, Viscount William Carr Beresford, Lieutenant General John Whitelocke, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, and many more
Territories represented include Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Florida, Guatemala, Guiana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Patagonia, Peru, Puerto Rico, Texas, Uruguay, Venezuela and the West Indies.
----
Collection features expedition records, original letters and maps of exploration and colonization, and "diaries of discoveries" from South America, from narratives of Columbus' first voyage (at Sloane Ms 1709) to the end of Colonial Spanish rule. The set covers European exploitation, evangelization, and botanical and geographical exploration in South America from Texas to Tierra del Fuego, and features maps, scrolls, descriptions of voyages by sea and river, terrain, flora and fauna, settlement posts, plantations and mines, missionary activities, and "diaries of discoveries" from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Florida, Guatemala, Guiana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Patagonia, Peru, Puerto Rico, Texas, Uruguay, Venezuela and the West Indies.

Part 1. Egerton 771-3297, Sloane 159-4028, Stowe 168-921, Additional Ms. 11410, 11411, 12429 (30 reels) --
Part 2. Additional manuscripts 13967 (Galeotto Cey) - 35916 (Hardwicke papers) (41 reels) --
Part 3. (34 reels)

Languages include Spanish, English, Portuguese, French and Italian. Also includes Bible translations in Quechua and other native languages and indigenous dramas and poems

The Digital Archive of Latin American and Caribbean Ephemera is a steadily growing repository containing a previously unavailable subset of :Princeton’s Latin American Ephemera Collection as well as newly acquired materials being digitized and added on an ongoing basis.
More information

This resource consists of expertly curated, and meticulously indexed, declassified government documents covering U.S. policy toward critical world events – including their military, intelligence, diplomatic and human rights dimensions – from 1945 to the present.
Each collection is assembled by foreign policy experts and features chronologies, glossaries, bibliographies, and scholarly overviews to provide unparalleled access to the defining international issues of our time.

Related Collections:
• Argentina, 1975-1980: The Making of U.S. Human Rights Policy
• Chile and the United States: U.S. Policy toward Democracy, Dictatorship, and Human Rights, 1970–1990
• Colombia and the United States: Political Violence, Narcotics, and Human Rights, 1948-2010
• Cuba and the U.S.: The Declassified History of Negotiations to Normalize Relations, 1959-2016
• Cuba and the U.S.: The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
• The Cuban Missile Crisis: 50th Anniversary Update
• The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited: An International Collection, From Bay of Pigs to Nuclear Brink
• El Salvador: The Making of U.S. Policy, 1977–1984
• El Salvador: War, Peace, and Human Rights, 1980–1994
• Mexico-United States Counternarcotics Policy, 1969-2013
• Nicaragua: The Making of U.S. Policy, 1978–1990
• Peru: Human Rights, Drugs and Democracy, 1980-2000

350 microfilm reels held at the Center for Research Libraries, To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form

• Confidential U.S. diplomatic post records. Central America. El Salvador, 1930-1945 [Catalog Record]
• Confidential U.S. diplomatic post records. Central America. Nicaragua, 1930-1945 [Catalog Record]
• Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Argentina, 1955-1959  [Catalog Record]
• Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Mexico, February 1963-1966. Part 1, Political, governmental, and national defense affairs [Catalog Record]
• Despatches from United States Ministers to Mexico, 1823-1906 . Temporal Coverage: 1823-1906

  Diplomatic dispatches addressed to the Department of State by United States diplomatic representatives to Mexico. Part of the records in the National Archives designated as Record Group 59, "General records of the Dept. of State."   Catalog Record     Online Guide

• Despatches from United States consuls [in Mexico]. Publisher : U.S. National Archives.Temporal Coverage: 1820-1906

  Consular reports, part of the Records in the National Archives designated as Record Group 59, "General Records of the Department of State." For Mexico, CRL holds the following NARA sets:

• Despatches from United States consuls in Acapulco, 1823-1906 (partial holdings)  
• Despatches from United States consuls in Campeche, 1820-1880  
• Despatches from United States consuls in Chihuahua, 1830-1906 
• Despatches from United States consuls in Ciudad Juárez (Paso del Norte), 1850-1906  
• Despatches from United States consuls in Durango, 1886-1906  
• Despatches from United States consuls in Guaymas, 1832-1896  
• Despatches from United States consuls in Hermosillo, 1905-1906  
• Despatches from United States consuls in La Paz, Mexico, 1855-1906  
• Despatches from United States consuls in Manzanillo, Mexico, 1855-1906  
• Despatches from United States consuls in Matamoros, 1826-1906  
• Despatches from United States consuls in Mazatlan, 1826-1906  
• Despatches from United States consuls in Merida, 1843-1897 and Progreso, 1897-1906
• Despatches from United States consuls in Mexico City, Mexico, 1822-1906
• Despatches from United States consuls in Monterrey, Mexico, 1849-1906 
• Despatches from United States consuls in Nogales, 1889-1906 
• Despatches from United States consular officials in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, 1871-1906
• Despatches from United States consuls in Piedras Negras, 1868-1906 
• Despatches from United States Consuls in Saltillo, 1876-1906 
• Despatches from United States consuls in San Blas, 1837-1892 
• Despatches from the United States Consul in San Dimas, 1871-1873
• Despatches from United States consuls in Santa Fe, 1830-1846 
• Despatches from United States consuls in Tampico, 1824-1906 (partial holdings)
• Despatches from United States consuls in Veracruz, 1822-1906 (partial holdings)


• U.S. military intelligence reports. Mexico, 1919-1941

  Originals held by the National Archives as part of Record Group #165, Military Intelligence Division files: Mexico  Catalog Record     Online Guide  

The ICAA Documents of 20th-century Latin American and Latino Art digital archive provides access to primary sources and critical documents tracing the development of twentieth-century art in Latin America and among Latino populations in the United States. Recovered texts provide a much-needed intellectual foundation for the exhibition, collection, and interpretation of art produced along this cultural axis. Countries featured in the first phase of this multiyear project include Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and Latino USA. The ICAA Digital Archive reflects the findings of this monumental digitization project and is now available, free of charge, to the research and teaching community as well as to the public at large. The uploading of documents to the archive is an ongoing process. Please visit us often.

LEYES is a database on the Basic Health Legislation in Latin America and the Caribbean, coordinated by the Unidade de Desenvolvimento de Políticas e Sistemas de Saúde (HSS/HP/OPAS) and BIREME. It contains references of the current legislation on health in more than thirty countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, and may also contain the full text.
Available in:English | Spanish | Portuguese
More information

by Latin America Web Archiving Project
It contains a list, ordered by country, of links to the top level archived version of all ministry and presidency Web sites captured as part of the LAGDA project. Clicking on a link will take you to a page with a list of dates, each of which corresponds to a date on which that site was captured. Clicking on a date will retrieve the site from the archive.

The posters included in this collection were created by a wide variety of social activists, non-governmental organizations, government agencies, political parties, and other types of organizations across Latin America, in order to publicize their views, positions, agendas, policies, events, and services. Even though posters produced in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, and Venezuela are the most abundant among the more than two thousand currently available in the site, almost every country in the region is represented. In terms of topics, some of the best represented are human rights, elections, gender issues, indigenous issues, labor, ecology and environmental issues, development, public health, and education. The Latin American Posters Collection is a component of the larger collection of Latin American ephemera that Princeton University Library has developed since the 1970s.

LLMC is a non-profit cooperative of libraries dedicated to the twin goals of, preserving legal titles and government documents, while making copies inexpensively available digitally through its on-line service LLMC-Digital. LLMC provides libraries with a reliable and budget-friendly source of digital replacement when their older, physically deteriorating books became too burdensome to store given diminished use. While aiding libraries in their preservation and space recovery programs, it also provides an economical way to complete retrospective collections.
Strong collection from and about Latin America. Material in pdf and indivual titles in Virgo

Microfilm Guide.
300 microfilm reels held at the Center for Research Libraries, To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form
Temporal Coverage: 1960s-1980s

The NACLA Archive of Latin Americana contains "ephemera and serials relating to socioeconomic and political conditions in Latin America from the 1960s through the 1980s." It contains "primary sources such as serials, reports, fliers, pamphlets, posters, manuscripts, and correspondence." The publications generally provide a left-wing ideological perspective covering progressive and human rights issues, but also includes documentation of the political right, the military governments, and the Church. See also separate entries by title.

Argentina (10 reels) --
Bolivia (5 reels) --
Brazil (6 reels) --
Caribbean (5 reels) --
Central America (10 reels) --
Chile (50 reels) --
Colombia (11 reels) --
Costa Rica (5 reels) --
Cuba (24 reels) --
Dominican Republic (18 reels) --
Ecuador (5 reels) --
Grenada (2 reels) --
Guatemala (21 reels) --
Guyana (2 reels) --
Haiti (2 reels) --
Honduras (4 reels) --
Jamaica (2 reels) --
Latin America (47 reels) --
Mexico (16 reels) --
Nicaragua (0 reels) --
Panama (4 reels) --
Paraguay (2 reels) --
Peru (7 reels) --
Puerto Rico (0 reels) --
Trinidad & Tobago (0 reels) --
Uruguay (6 reels) --
Venezuela (0 reels)

includes collections on the transatlantic slave trade, the global movement for the abolition of slavery, the legal, personal, and economic aspects of the slavery system, and the dynamics of emancipation in the U.S. as well as in Latin America, the Caribbean, and other regions.
See a list of included collections

The Slave Societies Digital Archive (formerly Ecclesiastical and Secular Sources for Slave Societies), directed by Jane Landers and hosted at Vanderbilt University, preserves endangered ecclesiastical and secular documents related to Africans and African-descended peoples in slave societies. This Digital Archive currently holds 500,000 unique images, dating from the 16th to the 20th centuries, and documents the history of between 6 and 8 million individuals. They are the most extensive serial records for the history of Africans in the Atlantic World and also include valuable information on the indigenous, European, and Asian populations who lived alongside them. On this website you will find areas dedicated to each geographic entity -- Angola, Benin, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Cuba, and Spanish Florida -- and additional resources to assist in your research. We welcome feedback and encourage researchers to share any work that they develop using the Slave Societies Digital Archive.

The World Digital Library (WDL) is a project of the U.S. Library of Congress, carried out with the support of the United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (UNESCO), and in cooperation with libraries, archives, museums, educational institutions, and international organizations from around the world.

The WDL makes available on the Internet, free of charge and in multilingual format, significant primary materials from all countries and cultures.

The principal objectives of the WDL are to:

Promote international and intercultural understanding;
Expand the volume and variety of cultural content on the Internet;
Provide resources for educators, scholars, and general audiences;
Build capacity in partner institutions to narrow the digital divide within and between countries.

Digital Collections unite, in one searchable location, over 40,000 digital scholarly resources unique to the University of Miami. Rich in content related to the cultural history of South Florida, Cuba, and the Caribbean, these collections comprise photographs, correspondence, diaries, scrapbooks, books, audio and video recordings, and other materials selected and digitized from special collections held in the Otto G. Richter Library, Calder Medical Library, and University Archives, as well as digital projects developed in collaboration with teaching faculty to support academic teaching and learning.

Organized by Duke University, you can consult here "materials from (or related to) the migration by sea of Cubans, Dominicans, and Haitians, including the refugee camp for Cuban and Haitian rafters that existed in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, largely dating from 1991-1996. Collection includes camp newspapers and artwork created by refugees held at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba; materials from the U.S. Coast Guard and other military sources, such as newspapers written in Haitian Creole, photocopies of camp rules and refugee intake procedures, and a transcript from an introductory video shown to refugees arriving at the camps; magazines and media coverage of refugee situations, including some material on Elián González; photographs and slides of refugees, Coast Guard personnel, and conditions in the camps in Cuba. Refugees arriving in Miami are included as are photographs of the work of the Guantanámo Refugee Assistance and Services Program in Miami and in the camps in Guantánamo Bay".

Digitized by University of Miami, The Collazo Family Papers document the commercial activities of Bernardo Collazo (1820s-1830s); Juan Collazo y Gil and Viuda de Collazo e Hijo, and Enrique Collazo (1830s-1890s) through correspondence about their commercial activities in the Caribbean. The entire collection has been digitized.

The Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC) is a cooperative digital library for resources from and about the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean. The dLOC partner institutions are the core of dLOC. dLOC partners retain all rights to their materials and provide access to digitized versions of Caribbean cultural, historical and research materials currently held in archives, libraries, and private collections.

Organized by country, this collection covers a wide range of viewpoints on political, social, and economic issues. It sheds light on the foreign relations interactions between Central American and South American countries. In the Caribbean, Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic are represented. This collection includes cables, memoranda, correspondence, reports and analyzes, and treaties.

Originally microfilmed as Records of the Department of State relating to Political Relations, this collection provides unique perspectives for the study of Latin American and Caribbean international relations. The collection affords a country-by-country analyses utilizing the State Department's decimal system to organize the voluminous correspondence and reporting on a variety of diverse topics, events, and people. In addition, it provides detail on the evolution of Latin American foreign policies, significance of inter-American cooperation in time of war, and the rise of totalitarian regimes.

This collection consists of materials pertaining to political relations of states, including diplomatic and consular representation and bilateral treaties, conventions, and agreements for the following countries/regions: Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Brazil, Central America, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, and the West Indian Republics.

Documents in this collection span the period 1930 through 1944, focusing heavily on various events, people, and political movements, including: the rise of Fascism and Falangism; the effects of the worldwide depression; Mexican oil and nationalization; Central America and the "banana republics;" and FDR's Good Neighbor Policy.

Fascism and Falangism

The rise of Fascism and Falangism in Latin American countries during the 1930s was due in large part to the success of the Franco revolution in Spain and Italian fascist propaganda. In particular, Getúlio Vargas of Brazil was a staunch supporter of the fascist movement and imitated the Italian government's Fascist program. The trend toward these political movements was due in large part to an increase in authoritarianism, nationalism, conservatism, and to a lesser extent a rise in a politicized Catholicism, which rulers like Vargas played on through propaganda.

Worldwide Depression

The Great Depression caused considerable monetary difficulties for Latin American and Caribbean governments. There was not only a problem in finding sufficient foreign exchange to finance external commerce and particularly to pay for imports, but there were also increasing difficulties in servicing the foreign debt. Taxes on exports and tariff duties on foreign imports had long been a significant revenue item for Latin American governments. Declining trade meant a corresponding fall in revenue. The combination of severe balance-of-payments difficulties, budget deficits, and the dwindling gold reserves led the majority of Latin American governments to suspend or default on payments to foreign bondholders during the depression years.

Chaco War

The Chaco War (1932-1935) was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over control of the northern part of the Gran Chaco region (the Chaco Boreal) of South America, which was incorrectly thought to be rich in oil. It was the bloodiest international conflict fought in the Americas during the 20th Century.

Mexican Oil and Nationalization

In 1938 President Làzaro Càrdenas nationalized the petroleum industry, giving the Mexican government a monopoly in the exploration, production, refining, and distribution of oil and natural gas, and in the manufacture and sale of basic petrochemicals. Although Càrdenas offered compensation, United States oil companies pressured the United States government to embargo all imports from Mexico in order to discourage similar nationalizations in other countries. The boycott was in effect briefly, but the United States government soon pressured the oil companies to come to terms with Mexico as a result of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy and United States security needs arising from World War II. In 1943 Mexico and the oil companies reached a final settlement under which the companies received US$24 million (a fraction of the book value of the expropriated facilities) as compensation. Nevertheless, the oil nationalization deprived Mexico of foreign capital and expertise for some twenty years.

Central America and the American businessman

This collection provides unique opportunities for the study of Central American perceptions of American "economic imperialist" activities. The collection highlights the development of national politics, integration into the world economy, effects of foreign investment and political control exercised by various American businesses, in several Central American countries.

Good Neighbor Policy

Americanism in the region, which was beginning to manifest itself in the form of ultra-nationalist and protectionist measures by Latin American governments. With the gathering war clouds in Europe and Asia, President Roosevelt instituted a dramatic shift in American relations with Latin America. No longer would armed intervention be used to support American foreign policy goals, businesses, and/or to prop-up pro-American governments. The Good Neighbor Policy was more or less intended to garner Latin American support for a global American policy. Giving up unpopular military intervention, the United States shifted to other methods to maintain its influence in Latin America: Pan-Americanism, support for strong local leaders, the training of national guards, economic and cultural penetration, Export-Import Bank loans, financial supervision, and political subversion. The Good Neighbor Policy meant that the United States would keep its eye on Latin America in a more peaceful tone.

This collection includes Class 700 (matters pertaining to political relations of states, including diplomatic and consular representation and bilateral treaties, conventions, and agreements) materials for the following countries/regions: Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Brazil, Central America, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, and the West Indian Republics. Colonial possessions in South America and the Caribbean are not included in this publication, but in the records of the home country.

State Department Decimal Filing System

From 1910 to 1963 the State Department used a decimal filing system to organize its Central Files-its correspondence and reporting repository-in which documents were assembled and arranged according to their subject, with each subject having a specific decimal code.

In 1930 and 1944, the State Department modified the decimal system without changing the basic structure. The complexity of the world and the increasing involvement of the United States in international affairs had combined to make the original 1910 filing system, inadequate to meet the Department's growing needs.

This collection includes Class 700 materials for the following countries/regions: Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Brazil, Central America, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, and the West Indian Republics.

The decimal system from 1910 to 1944 consisted of ten primary classifications numbered 0 through 8, each covering a broad subject area:

Class 000. General and miscellaneous matters, including such subjects as records of the Department, publications, tours and visits, and the diplomatic pouch service.

Class 100. Matters pertaining to the administration of the U.S. Government, including its Foreign Service.

Class 200. Matters pertaining to the negotiation, application, and interpretation of extradition treaties and to individual extradition cases.

Class 300. Matters pertaining to the protection of U.S. private and national interests.

Class 400. Matters pertaining to the negotiation, application, and interpretation of treaties on claims and to individual claims cases.

Class 500. Matters of common interest to the governments or the people of several countries, such as international congresses and conferences, multilateral treaties, and the League of Nations.

Class 600. Matters pertaining to commerce, customs administration, and trade agreements.

Class 700. Matters pertaining to political relations of states, including diplomatic and consular representation and bilateral treaties, conventions, and agreements.

Class 800. Matters relating to the internal affairs of states, such as heads of governments, departments of governments, legislation, public welfare, finance, currency, commerce, transportation, mining, and forestry.

Publisher's Note: This collection comprises, in its entirety, the Scholarly Resources microfilm collection entitled Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations between Latin America and the Caribbean States, 1930-1944.

During the 1930s, U.S. relations with Latin America and the Caribbean Growing war clouds in Europe and Asia predicated the need for securing resources and allies in the Western Hemisphere. Giving up unpopular military intervention, the U.S. shifted to other methods to maintain its influence in Latin America: Pan-Americanism, support for strong local leaders, the training of national guards, economic and cultural penetration, Export-Import Bank loans, financial supervision, and political persuasion.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States periodically intervened militarily in Latin America nations to protect its interests, particularly the commercial interests of the American business community. Whenever a nation felt its debts were not being repaid in a prompt fashion, its citizens' business interests were being threatened, or its access to natural resources were being impeded, military intervention or threats were often used to coerce the respective government into compliance.

Such interventions became increasingly unpopular in the United States. Many felt it was too imperialistic for the United States to conduct foreign affairs solely on behalf of American commercial interests. These groups felt that American intervention in Latin America had bred a culture of resentment and anti-Americanism in the region, which was beginning to manifest itself in the form of ultra-nationalist and protectionist measures by those countries' governments. Others objected to the financial cost of military intervention.

During the 1930s, U.S. relations with Latin America and the Caribbean changed dramatically. Growing war clouds in Europe and Asia predicated the need for securing resources and allies in the Western Hemisphere. Giving up unpopular military intervention, the U.S. shifted to other methods to maintain its influence in Latin America: Pan-Americanism, support for strong local leaders, the training of national guards, economic and cultural penetration, Export-Import Bank loans, financial supervision, and political subversion.

On March 4, 1933, Roosevelt stated during his inaugural address that: "In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor-the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others." This position was affirmed by Cordell Hull, Roosevelt's Secretary of State at a conference of American states in Montevideo in December 1933. Hull said: "No country has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another". This is apparent when in December of the same year Roosevelt again gave verbal evidence of a shift in U.S. policy in the region when he stated: "The definite policy of the United States from now on is one opposed to armed intervention."

Newly-elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt, working with a number of advisers, both personal and administration-wide, developed the "Good Neighbor" new policy towards Latin America. Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a "good neighbor" and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries. Overall, the Roosevelt administration expected that this new policy would create new economic opportunities in the form of reciprocal trade agreements and reassert the influence of the United States in Latin America, however many Latin American governments were not convinced.

The Good Neighbor Policy resulted in the withdrawal of U.S. Marines from Haiti and Nicaragua in 1934, the annulment of the Platt Amendment, and the negotiation of compensation for Mexico's nationalization of foreign assets in the oil industry in 1938. The policy's cultural impact included the initiation of the radio program Viva America and the 1942 Walt Disney film Saludos Amigos. By the end of World War II, Latin America was considered the region of the world most supportive of American foreign policy.

This set includes "Part 1: Jamaica c.1765-1848: The Taylor and Vanneck-Arcedekne Papers from Cambridge University Library and the Institue of Commonwealth Studies, University of London." The two archival collections offer materials for the study of plantation life and slavery in Jamaica including correspondence, letter-books, and other papers of Simon Taylor and family as well as papers of the Arcedekne family relating to Jamaica.
To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form
You can consult the entire Guide for the microfilm collection in this Guide

Archival materials for the study of plantation life and slavery in Jamaica. The Vanneck-Arcedekne Papers from Cambridge University Library provide: The Correspondence and Papers of West Indian Agents covering the period 1765-1848 (especially Simon Taylor, J Shand, Thomas McCornock and William Winton) relating to family estates in Jamaica. Correspondence and Accounts of London Agents concerning Jamaica. Correspondence with John Renwick concerning the management of ships sailing to Jamaica. Pamphlets with observations on plantation life, negro slaves in Jamaica and property in the West Indies. These are combined with the Taylor Family Papers from the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London which include the correspondence and letter books of Simon Taylor (1740-1813), as well as documents by his friends and associates and other family members. Contains records about the slaves on the plantations, the slave ships and the fight for abolition. The letters cover the Maroon and French wars, slave revolts, the treatment of colonists by the British government, births, deaths, marriages, inheritances, debts and family quarrels. Many documents provide information on Jamaican politics and society. Shipments of sugar and rum, the condition of the estates, problems of droughts and hurricanes, accomodation for the slaves and business affairs feature throughout the correspondence.

includes collections on the transatlantic slave trade, the global movement for the abolition of slavery, the legal, personal, and economic aspects of the slavery system, and the dynamics of emancipation in the U.S. as well as in Latin America, the Caribbean, and other regions.
See a list of included collections

• "Recuperamos para su conservación toda aquella documentación vinculada con el quebrantamiento de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales en que esté comprometida la responsabilidad del Estado.
  
• Garantizamos el acceso a la información a través de consultas públicas a nuestros Fondos Documentales, acompañando las políticas de Memoria, Verdad y Justicia.
  
• Difundimos nuestros Fondos Documentales a través de muestras, talleres, seminarios y actividades relacionadas con la promoción y defensa de los Derechos Humanos.
  
• Desde marzo de 2016, al incorporar la Dirección Nacional de Sitios de Memoria a la estructura del Archivo, señalizamos, preservamos y conservamos los Sitios de Memoria".
  

The Archivo Histórico RTA is an archive of audiovisual material from Argentina, including radio and television broadcasts.

This archive focuses on Argentina after the era of Juan Perón. In this period civilian administrations traded power, trying, with limited success, to deal with diminished economic growth and continued social and labor demands. The documents offer insight into various aspects of the Argentine economy. Examples include: the minister of public works discussing a program in "highways, railroads, and water transport" (June 1960); a report on the newly appointed undersecretary of mines requesting that the embassy's economic counselor have the U.S. government "examine the possibilities of procurement of tungsten" (June 1961); and a resolution by the National Cinematographic Institute requiring that all films exhibited in motion picture theaters feature Spanish subtitles "accompanied by written proof that the dialogue has been has been translated and subtitled in Argentina" (April 1962).

This virtual collection from Argentina's Biblioteca Nacional provides digital access to a growing number of books, pamphlets, periodicals, manuscripts, photographs and audiovisual materials of cultural and historic value.

RODNA – the National Argentine Digital Objects Registry materials of cultural and historic value. Concentrates digital resources from libraries and universities all across Argentina. Currently, around 67,000 items from 45 institutions have been uploaded to the platform. The platform goes well beyond books: maps, photos, and manuscripts are available, too. Researchers, students and the general public can access historic newspapers, famous letters, and more.

El Registro Nacional de Objetos Digitales (RODNA) de la Biblioteca Nacional de Argentina Mariano Moreno en Buenos Aires, concentra recursos digitales de Bibliotecas, Universidades, Archivos y otros centros de documentación del país y los dispone a la consulta; constituyéndose en un portal que permite a los visitantes realizar búsquedas globales de estos recursos entre todas las instituciones participantes.

RODNA a su vez difunde a los repositorios y bibliotecas implicados ya que redirige al usuario a los propios sitios de estas instituciones para visualizar los objetos.

Aluvión
América-Libre
Análisis revista de hechos e ideas
Ascua
Barataria
Baruyera
Bases
Cauce_
Che compañero
Che
Ciclo
Claridad
Clave Tribuna marxista
Confidencial argentina
Contorno
Contra
Contra-fascismo
Controversia
Cristianismo y revolución
Cuadernos colombianos
Cuadernos internacionales
Cuadernos literarios de oriente y occidente
Cuasimodo
4 patas
Desacuerdo
Dialéctica
Diagonal cero
El cielo por asalto
El iniciador
El rodaballo
El zorro de abajo
Estudios
En cuestión
Fichas de investigación
Flecha
Futuro
Gaceta literaria
Germinal
Hexágono ’71
Hoy
Hoy y aquí
Icaria
Ideas y figuras
Imago mundi
Izquierda
Juego rabioso
La campana de palo
La hora
La liberté
La montaña
La protesta
La protesta – suplementos
La rueda
Literatura dibujada
Literatura y sociedad
Los libros
Mariel
Martín fierro
Mercurio
Militancia
Mundial magazine
Nova arte
Nuestra tribuna
Nuestro tiempo
Nueva cultura
Nuevo hombre
Pasado y presente
Persona
Poesía
Postdata
Praxis
Praxis. Estudios – debates – documentos
Presente
Revista de oriente
San Telmo gay
Sech
Sed
Fondo rojo para tapas
Sodoma
Somos
Táctica
Tarea
Telecómicos
Temas
Ulises
Zona de la poesía americana
Wc
Spartacus

El Archivo Histórico de Revistas Argentinas (AhiRa) es un proyecto que pone a disposición del público varias colecciones de revistas que han reflejado, en distintos momentos históricos, debates estéticos, políticos e ideológicos de la cultura argentina

Listado de revistas a Septiembre 2025
• 18 Whiskys, 1990-1993
• 2001 Periodismo de Anticipación, 1968-1974
• 2046. Una revista de literatura sin literatura, 2006
• 4 patas, 1960
• A Partir de Cero, 1952-1956
• Acento. Pensamiento, Narración, Poesía, 1981-1982
• Agua Viva, 1960
• Ahijuna, 1967-1968
• Alejandría, 1982
• Alto Aire, 1965
• Anteojito, 1964-2001
• Antología. Revista Mensual de Literatura, Artes y Ciencias, 1944-1945
• Árbol. Revista Catamarqueña de Cultura, 1955-1956
• Argentina, 1930-1931
• Armas y tiro, 1963-1974
• Arte Litoral, 1958-1959
• Artefacto, 1996-2005
• Artiempo, 1968-1969
• Asemal, 1975-1979
• Automundo, 1965-1971
• Babel. Revista de Libros, 1988-1991
• Barrilete, 1963-1974
• Bichobolita, 1999-2003
• Boa, 1958-1960
• Boletin de Cultura Intelectual,1938-1947
• Boletín de Literaturas Hispánicas, 1959, 1969
• Brecha, 1981-1982
• Cain, 1987-1988
• Canta Rock, 1983-1988
• Canto, 1940
• Capítulo, 1937-1938
• Capítulo (CEAL), 1967-1968
• Capricornio, 1965
• Cauce, 1963
• Causa y Delito, 1972
• Causas y Azares, 1994-1998
• Celuloide, 1933
• Centro, 1951-1959
• Cerdos and Peces, 1984-2004
• Chaupinela, 1974-1975
• Cine & Medios, 1969-1971
• Cine Libre, 1982-1984
• Cinegrafo, 1981-1982
• Cinehoy, 1963
• Ciudad, 1955-1956
• Ciudad Gotica, 1993-2005
• Ciudad Tonica, 1993-2009
• Clarín, 1926-1927
• Claves, 1992-2017
• Compás, 1936
• Comunidad, 1955-1958
• Conducta, 1938-1943
• Confluencia, 1948-1949
• Confrontación de ideas para una nueva sociedad, 1986-1988
• Contra, la revista de los francotiradores, 1933
• Contracampo, 1950-1962
• Contrapelo, 1984
• Contrapunto, 1944-1945
• Contraviento, 2000-2002
• Controversia, 1979-1981
• Correspondencia, 1956-1957
• Correspondencia, México-Argentina, 1946
• Cosmorama, 1943-1945
• Crisis, 1973-1976
• Crisis 2ª época, 1986-1987
• Crisis 3ª época, 1987-1990
• Crítica. Cine, Letras, Artes, 1962-1967
• Cuadernos de FORJA, 1936-1942
• Cuadernos de la Diligencia, 1960-1961
• Cuadernos de Poesia, 1966
• Cuestiones de Filosofía, 1962
• Cultura, 1949-1952
• Cursos y Conferencias, 1931-1960
• De Garage, 2007-2014
• Destiempo, 1936-1937
• Diario de Poesía, 1982-2012
• Diatribas, 2001
• Dicho&hechos, 2000-2001
• Directrices. Revista de la Cultura Artística y Literaria, 1929
• Disco, 1945-1947
• Dodo Vida de artistas, 2007
• El 40, 1951-1953
• El Amante. Cine, 1991-2012
• El Amigo americano, 1980
• El Arremangado brazo, 1963-1964
• El Cielo, 1968-1969
• El ciudadano, 1988-1989
• El Contemporáneo, 1967-1970
• El Diario de los chicos, 1973-1974
• El Diario del juicio, 1985-1986
• El Eclipse, 1997-2003
• El Escarabajo de Oro, 1961-1974
• El Espiniyo, 2005-2007
• El Gran dragón rojo y la mujer vestida de sol, 1987-1991
• El Grillo de Papel, 1959-1960
• El Lagrimar trifurca, 1968-1976
• El Loro pelado, 1979-1980
• El Molino de pimienta, 1983-1986
• El Necio, periódico universitario, 1999-2002
• El ojo mocho: revista de crítica política y cultural, 1991-2008
• El Ornitorrinco, 1977-1986
• El Péndulo, 1979-1987
• El Péndulo Libros, 1990-1991
• El Reformatorio, 1993-1994
• En Ciernes. Epistolarias, 2011-2012
• Entrepasados, 1991-2011
• Esculpiendo milagros, 1993-2001
• Esperando a Godot, 2005-2006
• Etruria, 2006-2010
• Expresión, 1946-1947
• Fabula, 1936-1939
• Ficci’on, 1956-1971
• Fichero, 1958-1960
• Fierro, 1984-1992
• Film, 1993-1998
• Filmar y ver, 1973-1974
• Fin de Siglo, 1987-1988
• Folklore, 1961-1981
• Folklore argentino, 1965-1967
• Gargantua, 2000-2001
• Géminis,1965
• Generación 70, 1975
• Grandes líneas, 1998-2000
• Grumo, 2003-2013
• Guía de Jazz, 1984-1987
• Heroes e ideas, 1935-1941
• Heroes e ideas: segunda época, 1947-1955
• Hora Cero, 1957-1959
• Hortensia, 1971-1989
• Hoy Argentina, 1933
• Humi, 1982-1983
• Hurra, 1980/1981
• Imán, 1931
• Inicial. Revista de la nueva generación, 1923-1926
• Innombrable, 1985-1986
• La Aljaba, 1830-1831
• La anunciación, 1988
• La Argentina, 1830-1831
• La Ballena Azul, 2015
• La Ballena Blanca, 1997-1999
• La Brasa, 1927-1928
• La Cachimba, revista y plaquetas, 1971-1977
• La Caja, 1992-1994
• La Camelia, 1852
• La Costurerita, 2008-2009
• La danza del ratón, 1981-2001
• La Diligencia, 1960-1964
• La Gallina degollada, 1997-1998
• La Giralda, 1995
• La Gran Flauta!..., 1921
• La letra A, 1990-1993
• La lira argentina, 1856
• La Literatura Argentina, 1928-1937
• La Mancha, 1996-2006
• La moda, 1837-1838
• La Muda, 1982-1983
• La Nación, magazine revista semanal, 1929-1931
• La Novela Fantástica, 1937
• La Pecera, 2001-2009
• La Revista de Ciencia Ficción y Fantasía, 1976-1977
• La Torre de papel, 1980
• La Torre de papel, 1990-1994
• La Trompa de Falopo, 1990-1993
• La Vereda de enfrente, 1996, 1997
• Las Ciento y Una, 1953
• Latido, 1999-2002
• Latinoamericana, 1972-1974
• Latitud, 1945
• Latitud 34, 1949-1950
• LD Literatura dibujada, 1968-1969
• Le Chiste, 1996
• Lecturas Críticas, 1980-1984
• LENGUAjes, 1974-1980
• Liberación y derecho, 1974
• Libra, 1929
• Libre Palabra, 1911-1912
• Libros de la Urraca, 1975
• Línea dura, 1957-1958
• Literatura y Sociedad, 1965
• Locuras de Isidoro, 1968-1973
• Los Anales de Buenos Aires, 1946-1948
• Los días del viaje, 1988
• Los humores de Satiricón, 1974
• Los Libros, 1969-1976
• Los Pensadores: segunda época, 1924/1926
• Los raros: revista de orientación futurista, 1920
• Lucera, 2003-2007
• Lúpin, 1966-1977
• Macedonio, 1968-1972
• Magazín Literario, 1997-1998
• Mairena, 1953-1954
• Marimba, 2013-1015
• Martín Fierro, 1924-1927
• Más Allá de la Ciencia y de la Fantasía, 1953-1957
• Máscaras, 1931-1936
• Mengano, 1974-1976
• Metrópolis, 1931-1932
• Mientras se corta el césped, 1992-1993
• Milpalabras, 2001-2003
• Minotauro. Fantasía y ciencia ficción, 1964-1968
• Minotauro. Segunda época, 1983-1986
• Mitomagia, los temas de misterio, 1969
• Movimiento, 1941
• Múltiple Buenos Aires, 1939
• Mundo Atómico, 1950-1955
• Música Rara, 2004-2006
• Nervio, 1931-1936
• No hay derecho, 1990-1995
• Nombre, 1949
• Nova Arte, 1978-1980
• Nudos, 1978-1985
• Nueva política, 1965
• Nuevos perros, 2001-2004
• Nuevos Aires, 1970-1973
• Número, 1930-1931
• Nun, 1941
• Nunca. Nunca quisiera irme a casa, 1997-2001
• Ocni, 2011-2013
• Ojo, 1969
• Pájaro de fuego, 1977-1982
• Palermo sensible, 1990-1994
• Panorama, 1963-1968
• Panorama cultural, 1965-1967
• Papeles de Buenos Aires, 1943-1945
• Paradoxa, 1986, 1996
• Paraná, 1941-1943
• Paredón y después, Sirco. ,1993-1998
• Parque, 1973
• Parsec. Ciencia Ficción Revista, 1984
• Patoruzú, 1936-1940
• Pausa, 1957-1961
• Periscopio, 1969-1970
• Pie de página, 1982-1985
• Pierre Menard, 1992
• Plebella, 2004-2012
• Poética, 1943
• Posta. Bimestral de Arte y Literatura, 1977
• Premios Fundacion Konex, 1980-2019
• Primera plana, 1962-1973
• Prisma, 1921-1922
• Proa. Revista de Renovación Literaria, 1922-1923
• Proa. Segunda época, 1924-1926
• Proforma, 1983-1984
• Propósitos, 1951-1976
• Proteo, 1918
• Pucará, 1985-1991
• Pulsión, revista de cine, 2015-2021
• Pulso. Revista del Arte de Ahora, 1928
• Punto de Vista, 1978-2008
• Punto y coma, 1968-1969
• Qué, 1928-1929
• Ramona, 2000-2010
• Realidad, revista de ideas, 1947-1949
• Revista Criminal, 1873
• Revista de America, 1894
• Revista de Problemas del Tercer Mundo, 1968
• Revista del Mar Dulce, 1955-1959
• Revista Multicolor de los Sábados, 1933-1934
• Riel, 2003-2005
• Rock superstar, 1977-1080
• Ronin, 2011
• Rosario Ilustrada, 2004
• Rovente Futurista, 1924
• Sátira & humor, 1978
• Satiricón, 1972-1976
• Sauce, 1945-1946
• Sección aurea, 1990-1997
• Setecientosmonos, 1964.1967
• Sexto Continente, 1949-1950
• Síntesis, 1927-1930
• Sisi, 1989-1991
• Sitio, 1981-1987
• Skorpio, 1974-1979
• SLT, Suplemento literario Télam, 2011-2018
• Smog, 1980-1981
• Sol y Luna, 1938-1943
• Suplemento de Humor y Ciencia Ficción, 1979
• Talita, 1982-1984
• Tarja, 1955-1960
• Teseo, 1941
• Testigo, 1966-1972
• Tiempo de Cine, 1960-1965
• Tiempos Modernos, 1964-1965
• Tío Landrú, 1968-1969
• Tiras de cuero, 1983
• Todo Cine, 1981
• Todo Fútbol, 1969
• Tokonoma, 1994-2012
• Tramas, para leer la literatura argentina, 1994-2000
• Transatlántico, 2007-2013
• Travesías, 1993’2002
• Tsé -Tsé, 1995-2008
• Último reino, 1979-1998
• Umbral Tiempo Futuro, 1977-1979
• Unicornio, 1992-1994
• Unidas, 1986-1987
• V de Vian, 1990-1999
• Vasto mundo, 1987-2001
• Viajeros del underground, 1997-2000
• Vigencia, tercera época, 1981-1986
• Vortex, 1999
• Vuelta Sudamericana, 1986-1988
• Xul. Signo Viejo y Nuevo, 1980-1997
• Zigurat, 1999-2013
• Zona Churrinche, 2004-2007

This unique collection is dedicated to a type of small-format periodical, containing plays, short novels and other literary texts, which used to be very popular in the Río de la Plata region during the first half of the 20th century. Besides the well-known and widely-published titles La novela semanal (1917-54), La escena (1918-33) and Bambalinas (1918-34), the collection includes numerous periodicals with a more limited circulation that appealed to an extremely wide range of interests

Began with verano 1931 issue 1 -- no. 371 (dic. 1992)

SUR is one of the most important and influential literary magazines published in Latin America in the twentieth century. This collection includes images of the complete magazine, including covers, photographs and advertisements, more than 40,000 pages; a comprehensive electronic index of 6,300 entries, correcting mistakes and inconsistencies found in the index published in the magazine; and a set of images of manuscripts from the first issue as well as an unpublished set of letters by Victoria Ocampo.

Founded in 1931 by Argentine intellectual Victoria Ocampo (1890-1979), SUR is well known throughout Latin America and Europe. Over its long and distinguished history, SUR featured the writings of the leading figures in literature, philosophy, history and the plastic arts not only from Latin America, but also from North America and Western Europe. Contributors included Le Corbusier, Lacan, Sartre, and Woolf; and Argentine authors include Borges, Cortázar, Silvina Ocampo, and Bioy Casares. Through Ocampo's social commentary and choice of contributors, she advanced an Argentine version of Liberalism at a time when most Latin Americans confronted reactionary regimes, military rule, economic chaos and demagogues.

This important literary title featuring the century's principal authors and intellectuals is vital for historical research. All libraries—especially those focusing on Latin American studies—will want to add SUR to their collections. Even institutions that own the journal on microfilm or in hardbound copies will want to add the online SUR because of its ease of use and enhanced search capability, and its availability through a campus network.

In 1998 Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo promoted the creation of the Family Biographical Archive with the aim of reconstructing the life history of the disappeared whose children, born in captivity or kidnapped along with their parents, were appropriated during the last military dictatorship.

Correspondence, project files, subject files, and publications documenting the human rights activism of the Rabbi Marshall T. Meyer in 1970s and 1980s Argentina

The backstory to this archive revolves around the rise of the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), which emerged as a broadly based party. Under President Victor Paz Estenssoro (1907-2001), the MNR "introduced universal adult suffrage, carried out a sweeping land reform, promoted rural education, and nationalized the country's largest tin mines. Twelve years of tumultuous rule left the MNR divided." In 1964, a military junta overthrew President Paz Estenssoro at the outset of his third term. Documents in this collection offer insight into the U.S. state department during the Cold War. Examples include analysis of labor union leadership and its relationship to Communists "united in opposition" and attempting to impose a "Fascist regime in Bolivia." Periodicals such as Prescenia and El Diario are characterized as "organs at service of Communists" (December 1960). The embassy notes how El Pueblo, the Communist newspaper in La Paz, reports a Pravda correspondent expressing "great interest in ‘promoting' relations with USSR" (March 1962).

LAMP (formerly the Latin American Microform Project) at the Center for Research Libraries received funds in 1994 from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to explore aspects of digitization from microfilm. Working in cooperation with the Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, LAMP selected its collection of Brazilian government documents because of their scarcity, importance, and volume. Completed in December 2000, the project digitized more than 670,000 page images of government publications, freely available over the Web. There are four collections.
Provincial Presidential Reports (1830–1930)
Presidential Messages (1889–93)
Almanak Laemmert (1844–89)
Ministerial Reports (1821–1960)

This archive focuses on Brazil in the early 1960s. Sample documents include a report from Recife on the cultivation and export of pineapples, "especially in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba," as "an increasing source of foreign exchange for the Northeast." A November 1962 memorandum details the issuance of 40 billion cruzeiros in new currency "to meet runs on commercial banks during the political crisis, gradually flowing back to the Bank of Brazil following the return of normal conditions." The collection covers the period following the resignation from the presidency of Janio Quadros in 1961 and the succession of Vice President Joao Goulart, whose years in office were marked by high inflation, economic stagnation, and the increasing influence of radical political elements. The armed forces, alarmed by these developments, staged a coup on March 31, 1964, during the administration of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson.

More information

La Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional (BCN) lanzó en 2016 el servicio "Estantería Digital", mediante el cual todo usuario podrña acceder –sin restricción y de forma gratuita- a cerca de 7.000 documentos e imágenes que forman parte de la herencia política y cultural chilena.

La “Estantería Digital” nace de un antiguo anhelo de la BCN, cuyo propósito fundamental era reunir a través de una interfaz única todos los objetos digitales de la Biblioteca. Fue así como tras una largo proceso de recolección, digitalización y catalogación, los archivo se agruparon en áreas temáticas como “Libros de Historia Política”, “Caricaturas Políticas”, “Folletos”, “Enciclopedia Chilena”, “Afiches Políticos”, “Panfletos Políticos”, “Libros Raros y Valiosos” y “Publicaciones BCN”.

El sistema cuenta además con un completo buscador y cada archivo digital puede ser descargado libremente, desde hoy

The records in this massive archive range from the era of the Great Depression to the height of the Cold War. The period of Radical Party dominance (1932-1952) saw the emergence of a strong middle-class party and its role as the key force in coalition governments. In this era the state steadily increased its participation in the Chilean economy. Documents include: negotiations with British nitrate interests (March 1934); U.S. state department concern of a possible "crisis in Chilean copper production" (October 1940); troops on alert following the refusal of telephone and electric company employees to obey orders to end a strike (January 1950); a student strike at the University of Concepción demanding adequate financing for the university (April 1950); and a U.S. embassy report noting "Chilean Roman Catholic Church Initiates Own Agrarian Reform Program" and "Moscow Conference Attracts Chileans" (July 1962).

Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Chile, 1945-1959

Spanning the presidencies of Juan Antonio Ríos (1942–1946), Gabriel González Videla (1946–1952), Carlos Ibáñez (1952–1958), and Jorge Alessandri (1958–1964), this collection provides a history of the political relationship between the United States and Chile from the post-World War II era into the early years of the Cold War. The span of years covered by this collection represent the middle of Chile's history as a Presidential Republic (1925-1973). Following World War II, Chile's economy began to transform from an agricultural base to a greater reliance on manufacturing. From 1938-1952, the Partido Radical (Radical Party) held the government in Chile. During the presidency of Gabriel Gonzalez Videla (1946–1952) the Partido Radical was right-leaning, and many of its members were anti-Communists. 1952 saw the Conservative and Liberal parties, the Socialist Party, and the Radical Party all vying for the presidency, but it was General Carlos Ibáñez running as an independent who took the reins of the country. He campaigned on a promise to clean up political corruption and end bad government. One notable reform Ibañez enacted was the repeal of the Ley de Defensa de la Democracia (Law for the Defense of Democracy), which had banned the Communist Party. Also notable during this time period, women were granted the right to vote and stand for election.

Publications relating to political relations between the United States and other states generally include cables, memoranda, and correspondence addressing the political affairs and concerns affecting the particular state. Covering primarily the early Cold War documents, this collection gives researchers a unique insight into American foreign policy during one of its most stressful periods in international relations. After World War II, with only two superpowers vying for influence, access, and control, the United States looked to its state department to provide detailed analyses and insight into political affairs. As such these records are bound to be of great interest to diplomatic historians and historians studying these countries, seeking to understand American foreign affairs during this period.

The documents found in these files are predominantly instructions to – and despatches from – diplomatic and consular officials and are often accompanied by enclosures. Notes between the Department of State and foreign diplomats in the United States, memoranda prepared by State Department officials, and correspondence with officials of other government departments, as well as with private businesses and persons, are also included.

acceso libre y gratuito a miles de productos digitales que hacen parte del invaluable patrimonio bibliográfico y documental del país, entre los que se cuentan libros, manuscritos, dibujos, grabados, folletos, mapas, partituras, prensa histórica, fotografías, video y grabaciones sonoras.

• Bibliotecas de autor
• Biblioteca Digital de Bogotá
• Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia
• Depósito digital
• Documentación Musical
• Fondos Audiovisuales
• Fondos Fotográficos
• Fondos Gráficos
• Hemeroteca Digital
• Libro antiguo
• Libro moderno
• Ministerio de Cultura
• Otras bibliotecas digitales

he documents in this collection offer a snapshot of Colombia at the height of the Cold War. Numerous records track the impact of the Castro revolution in Cuba, for example: "Colombia Tourist Agent Visits Embassy Regarding Prospective Travel of Colombians on Planned USSR Flights Between Havana and Moscow"; and naval equipment on loan: "Colombian Navy would like to lease ... from the United States Navy, under similar terms as those contained in the lease for the Floating Dry Dock." On the economy: National Coffee Federation tabulations (September 1960); and "it was a sellers' market during December for anyone holding dollars for sale as the Colombian peso continued to fall in relation to the dollar. The free market has advanced nervousness since October" (15 January 1963).

The J. León Helguera Collection of Colombiana at Vanderbilt University includes unique primary sources on 17th to 20th-century Colombian history and culture. The result of a half-century of collecting on three continents, the collection is one of the largest and most wide-ranging in the United States. The collection includes books, manuscripts, broadsides, pamphlets (including novenas), royal cedulas, programas, and newspapers.

Zapata Olivella, noted Afro-Colombian novelist, anthropologist, folklorist, physician and playwright was known throughout Latin America as the “Dean of Black Hispanic Writers.” The Vanderbilt University Library acquired his papers in in 2008; they provide a unique window on the history and society of Colombia and on people of African descent in the Americas as a whole. We hope the collection will serve as an exceptional resource for researchers in Latin American and Afro-Hispanic Studies engaged in a variety of fields, including literature, cultural studies, history, folklore and anthropology.

Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Colombia, 1945-1959

The history of Colombia following the Second World War was most notably marked by La Violencia (The Violence), a ten-year civil war spanning the years 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party. La Violencia conflict took place between the Military Forces of Colombia and the National Police of Colombia supported by Colombian Conservative Party paramilitary groups on one side, and paramilitary and guerrilla groups aligned with the Colombian Liberal Party and the Colombian Communist Party on the other side. The war was mostly fought in the Colombian countryside, with Conservative-supporting peasants seizing the agricultural lands of Liberal-supporting peasants, which provoked peasant-to-peasant violence throughout the country. Most estimates indicate 200,000 people lost their lives during La Violencia.

This period of Colombian history saw numerous presidencies and a military coup. Alfonso López Pumarejo served as President from 1942-1945 as a member of the Colombian Liberal Party. He was succeeded by Luis Mariano Ospina Pérez (1945-1950), a member of the Colombian Conservative Party. 1948 saw the founding of the Organization of American States, with Colombian Alberto Lleras Camargo serving as the first Secretary General until 1954. Laureano Eleuterio Gómez Castro, a Colombian politician and civil engineer, served as President of Colombia from 1950 to 1953, coming to power during La Violencia. During his presidency, activists and sympathizers of Liberal Party and Communist Party and the members of Protestant minority were persecuted. A military coup in 1953 toppled the right-wing government of Gómez and brought General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (1953-1957) to power. In July 1957, former Conservative President Laureano Gómez (1950–1953) and former Liberal President Alberto Lleras (1945–1946, 1958–1962) issued the "Declaration of Sitges," in which they proposed a "National Front," whereby the Liberal and Conservative parties would govern jointly. The presidency would be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices.

The National Front ended "La Violencia", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. In particular, the Liberal president Alberto Lleras Camargo (1958–1962) created the Colombian Institute for Agrarian Reform (INCORA).

Publications relating to political relations between the United States and other states generally include cables, memoranda, and correspondence addressing the political affairs and concerns affecting the particular state. Covering primarily the early Cold War documents, this collection gives researchers a unique insight into American foreign policy during one of its most stressful periods in international relations. After World War II, with only two superpowers vying for influence, access, and control, the United States looked to its state department to provide detailed analyses and insight into political affairs. As such these records are bound to be of great interest to diplomatic historians and historians studying these countries, seeking to understand American foreign affairs during this period.

The documents found in these files are predominantly instructions to – and despatches from – diplomatic and consular officials and are often accompanied by enclosures. Notes between the Department of State and foreign diplomats in the United States, memoranda prepared by State Department officials, and correspondence with officials of other government departments, as well as with private businesses and persons, are also included

The Archivo General de Centroamérica (Central American Archives) 1544-1821, in Guatemala, is the most comprehensive collection found anywhere in the world of historical records spanning the period of Spanish rule in the Americas. The holdings of the Archivo include myriad types of documents covering a host of cultural, legislative, judicial, fiscal, economic, religious, military, agricultural and commercial matters pertaining to the Kingdom of Guatemala, an area which, from the time of the Conquest in 1544 through 1821, embraced modern-day Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Mexican State of Chiapas.
3922 microfilm reels held at the Center for Research Libraries, To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form
Collection microfilmed 1970-1978 ; re-mastered in 2005.
You can consult the entire Guide for the microfilm collection in pdf format
You can consult the Guide for the entire microfilm collection in a searchable Fiding Aid
You can consult a smal portion of the collection digitalized 1184-A: Guatemala, Royal certificates, 1754-1760

Archival colonial materials on Spanish rule of Central America. The Central American Archives encompasses six million pages of original primary source documents (many of which are the only existing copy) spanning more than three centuries from 1519 to 1898 -- and document Spanish rule in the New World from the capital city of Antigua, Guatemala. In addition to Guatemala, the collection documents all aspects of commerce, politics, and development throughout El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Yucatan and Chiapas regions of Mexico. Central American Archives is a rich resource for Latin American, Central American, and Spanish studies. Researchers will find a unique view of the colonial history of the region as well as the framework underlying the political, economic, and social history of contemporary Central America. Original legal documents, diplomatic dispatches, confidential communiqués, invoices, confidential letters, criminal records, edicts of the central government and other previously unavailable material are preserved on microform, and searchable through the online guide."/ The collection is organized "by region, consisting of the central "Guatemala" gobierno (province) and the satellite provinces that collectively made up the Captaincy General of Spanish colonial rule:Yucatan/Chiapas, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. 'Within these regions are further divisions by subject: Superior Gobierno (Central Government); Judicial & Military; Real Hacienda (Treasury); Independence.' " This collection presents "a wealth of legislative, judicial, economic and religious materials, including: Correspondence with Spanish authorities; Municipal financial records; Hand drawn maps of neighborhoods; Records of civil suits; Land surveys; Records of the Church; Policies on treatment of indigenous peoples; Minutes of town council meetings; Notario records."

The complete set of microfilm, covering the following areas:
Guatemala, Superior Gobierno (central government) [reels 1A-1537A]
Guatemala, economic [reels 1537A-1853A]
Guatemala, economic, judicial & military [reels 1C-150C]
Guatemala, Real Hacienda (treasury) [reels 1854A-2532A]
Yucatan [reels 1B-3B]
Chiapas [reels 3B-199B]
El Salvador [reels 200B-577B]
Honduras [reels 577B-878B]
Nicaragua [reels 878B-1173B, 1175B-1187B, 1189B-1212B]
Costa Rica [reels 1212B-1241B
Expand this explanation reading: Three Hundred Years of Central American Archives by Dr. John Browning, Professor Emeritus of Spanish at McMaster University

Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Costa Rica, 1945-1959
The First Republic of Costa Rica spanned a century from 1848 to 1948. The time period covered by this collection bore witness to dramatic changes in Costa Rican government and society, including the end of the First Republic.

Teodoro Picado Michalski was the president of Costa Rica from 1944 to 1948. Picado's administration enacted many laws to modernize the state. The most prominent was the electoral reform of 1945, which created a modern Electoral Code of Laws and a Supreme Tribunal of Elections. To this day, the Electoral Code provides a guarantee of the Nation's continued democratic elections.

In the 1948 election for Picado's successor as Costa Rica's President, Picado supported his predecessor, Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, who hoped to win a second term. Former President Calderón lost the popular vote in a tight election to Otilio Ulate Blanco. This was the first time that elections were being held under the new Electoral Code of Laws and governed by the Tribunal of Elections, and certain anomalies were committed with regard to the vote counting deadlines and the loss of ballots. As a result, Calderón supporters in the legislature invalidated the election results in accordance with the Constitution. In March–April 1948, the protests over the election results grew into a revolution. José Figueres Ferrer, along with other landowners and student agitators, hoped to overthrow the Costa Rican government. Figueres, with the help of "La Legion del Caribe" of which Fidel Castro was a prominent member, led the revolution, defeating the Costa Rican Army, loyal to Calderón and President Picado. With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day civil war resulting from this uprising was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history.

Although not deposed by force, don Teodoro relinquished the presidency to his vice-president, Santos León Herrera, who was left in charge of the country as Interim President as part of the deal to end the armed uprising led by Figueres over the disputed elections for his successor. Herrera's time in office was short, with Figueres soon taking over as President of a provisional junta and holding power briefly from 8 May 1948 – 8 November 1949. The victorious junta drafted a constitution guaranteeing free elections with universal suffrage and the abolition of the military. Following these reforms, Figueres handed over power to Otilio Ulate Blanco, who served as President from 1949-1953. In 1953, Figueres returned to power as a national hero, winning the first election under the new constitution, serving in office until 1958.

A notable period of instability occurred in 1954-1955 during a border war with Nicaragua. A Nicaraguan armed incursion was backed by the CIA as a favor to Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza García. President Figueres, appealed to the Organization of American States, pointing out that Costa Rica had no defense against "modern weapons". The council of the organization immediately authorized the United States to sell four P-51 Mustang fighters to Costa Rica for a dollar apiece. The U.S. State Department then exerted pressure and diplomatically forced a withdrawal of the Nicaraguan forces and a cessation of hostilities.

It should be noted that since the abolition of the armed forces in 1948, Costa Rica has been one of the few democracies to operate without a standing army.

Publications relating to political relations between the United States and other states generally include cables, memoranda, and correspondence addressing the political affairs and concerns affecting the particular state. Covering primarily the early Cold War documents, this collection gives researchers a unique insight into American foreign policy during one of its most stressful periods in international relations. After World War II, with only two superpowers vying for influence, access, and control, the United States looked to its state department to provide detailed analyses and insight into political affairs. As such these records are bound to be of great interest to diplomatic historians and historians studying these countries, seeking to understand American foreign affairs during this period.

The documents found in these files are predominantly instructions to – and despatches from – diplomatic and consular officials and are often accompanied by enclosures. Notes between the Department of State and foreign diplomats in the United States, memoranda prepared by State Department officials, and correspondence with officials of other government departments, as well as with private businesses and persons, are also included.

Digital Collections unite, in one searchable location, over 40,000 digital scholarly resources unique to the University of Miami. Rich in content related to the cultural history of South Florida, Cuba, and the Caribbean, these collections comprise photographs, correspondence, diaries, scrapbooks, books, audio and video recordings, and other materials selected and digitized from special collections held in the Otto G. Richter Library, Calder Medical Library, and University Archives, as well as digital projects developed in collaboration with teaching faculty to support academic teaching and learning.

El Portal José Martí tiene como objetivo divulgar la vida y la obra de José Martí Pérez (1853-1895), el más genial y universal de los pensadores cubanos, y los estudios que se realizan en torno a su ideario. En sus diferentes secciones podrán conocer los textos originales del Héroe Nacional cubano y disfrutar de su poesía y su prosa, además del resultado de los estudios más recientes de su obra, obtenidos por investigadores de Cuba y el resto del mundo.
Destacar las Obras completas de José Martí
La Versió digital o la versión impresa de la Edición Crítica de las Obras completas de José Martí (1853-1895 en 29 volumenes.
La versión digital o la versión impresa de las Obras completas de Jos'e Mart'i publicadas entre 1963-1975 en 27 volumenes

The Cuban Heritage Collection (University of Miami) houses both rare and contemporary books published anywhere in the world about the Cuban experience and the Cuban diaspora. While this includes books in all areas of scholarship, the book collection emphasize history, literature and literary criticism, politics, popular culture, religion, and the arts. The digital collection of CHC Books focuses on works published before 1923.

EcuRed es una enciclopedia colaborativa y solidaria, es un proyecto cubano que busca alcance y participación universal; ofrece a sus participantes un espacio interactivo para publicar contenidos abiertos. Su filosofía es la acumulación y desarrollo del conocimiento con un objetivo democratizador y no lucrativo, desde un punto de vista descolonizador. Los siguientes artículos pueden servirte de ayuda, ya sea para leer, editar o participar de sus objetivos.

This set (contained in three parts) inclodes the complete Foreign Office files for Cuba covering 1959-1962. The documents offer new perspectives on issues relating to the revolution in Cuba from the ending of the Batista regime through the Cuban Missle Crisis. Each set also cataloged separately.
To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form
Part 1. Revolution in Cuba, 1959-1960 (reels 1-13)
Part 2. Cuba and the Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 (reels 14-22)
Part 3. Cuban missile crisis, 1962 (reels 23-37)
You can consult the entire Guide for the microfilm collection in this Listing and guide to the microfilm collection

The Guantánamo Public Memory Project seeks to build public awareness of the long history of the US naval station at Guantánamo, Bay, Cuba, and foster dialogue on the future of this place and the policies it shapes. It is a collaborative project involving human rights' organizations and universities.

Este es el repositorio digital del patrimonio cultural de la Oficina del Historiador, un espacio virtual donde se gestionan los objetos digitales producidos a partir de la digitalización de las colecciones que existen materialmente en nuestras instituciones de la memoria. El fin de este repositorio es dar acceso a nuestra riqueza cultural reproduciendo, de manera estandarizada, las relaciones entre todos esos objetos. Brindamos la posibilidad de acceder a nuestros valores de manera universal e integrada, aun cuando por razones diversas, no estén expuestos en nuestras entidades patrimoniales o estén dispersos en ellas.

El repositorio es el resultado de un esfuerzo de la Dirección de Patrimonio Cultural y la Dirección de Informática y Comunicaciones de la Oficina del Historiador de la ciudad de La Habana, por dar acceso a nuestras colecciones.

Open Access digital archive containing over 8,000 images of the 1,055 most significant buildings in the Historic Center of Havana, Cuba.
In the early 1980s, Dr. Eusabio Leal, Director of the Office of the Historian (Havana), commissioned the Cuban Institute of Geodesy and Cartography to make a photographic survey of these buildings in the Historic Center, known as Habana Vieja. The photographers captured most of the images using primarily 5" x 7" glass plate negatives, which were used to create the digital images now available online.
Begun in 2012, the project was a collaboration of Jacqueline Hayden, Professor Emerita of Film and Photography at Hampshire College, students from Hampshire College, and Plan Maestro, Office of the Historian (Havana).
The digital archive is available at https://compass.fivecolleges.edu/collections/digital-photographic-archive-historic-havana and a copy of the digital files will be deposited at the Center for Research Libraries.

Organized and collected by University of New Mexico Libraries, posters in this collection were collected from Cuba, Nicaragua, and Mexico by Jane Norling and Lenora Davis. The posters were produced by various agencies and address subjects such as film, solidarity with the struggles of Third World countries, labor, tourism, disease prevention, women, energy conservation, the Vietnam War, and the Cuban Revolution.

Organized and collected by University of New Mexico Libraries, this large collection contains posters from Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Panama, Nicaragua, and Spain among a few. Over 5,000 of these posters are available here. They address themes such as elections, imperialism, solidarity, human rights, and revolution.

Records of the African Diaspora in collections at the major archives of the province of Matanzas, Cuba. A total of 4,360 digital images were created and indexed as an outcome of this pilot project. The records copied by this project have been catalogued as: EAP060/1 Fondo Gobierno Provincial de Matanzas. EAP060/2 Fondo de la Catedral de Matanzas

Creating a digital archive of ecclesiastical documents Pilot Project. The project team digitised a sample of 2887 pages from 9 Sacramental Books and also conducted a survey of other locations in Cuba

Creating a digital archive of ecclesiastical documents Pilot Project. The project team digitised a sample of 2887 pages from 9 Sacramental Books and also conducted a survey of other locations in Cuba

Primary-source collection of ca. 45,000 fully-searchable documents from the Casa de las Américas in Havana, documenting the culture and cultural relations of Revolutionary Cuba and countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.

This collection gives access to 545 folders from the archives of Casa de les Americas in Havana, Cuba. Main sections in the collection are:

Actividades Casa de las Américas.
Bibliotecas.
Cafe conversatorio.
Casa de las Américas.
Casa y Cultura Recortes.
Casa y Cultura.
Premio Casa de las Américas.
Premio Casa.
Other

Consult the content of this database

Casa de las Américas in Havana, Cuba, ranks among the most renowned cultural institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Ever since its creation in 1959, it has been a host to thousands of writers and artists from throughout the region. It has published countless books and articles, organized conferences, concerts, expositions, theatre productions and numerous cultural contests. Founded just three months after the Cuban Revolution, it quickly became a fundamental link between the cultural vanguard in Latin America and the Caribbean on the one hand and a diplomatically isolated Cuba on the other. Over the course of almost six decades it has amassed a vast amount of information, thus creating a unique record to study the history of both the institution itself as a cultural hub, but also that of the protagonists of a remarkable era.

Much of the information is preserved in the present “Casa y Cultura” section of the so-called Archivo Vertical at Casa de las Américas library. This section contains some 45,000 documents organized in 545 folders, covering such diverse materials as articles, newspaper clippings, cable messages, interviews, conference memorabilia, etc., collected from 1959 onward. Together they document the activities of the institution both in Cuba and beyond, bearing testimony to the conflicts and passions of a turbulent time. Conferences and controversies, manifestos and open letters combine to shed a light on a vibrant cultural history, which is now accessible for the first time from new and unexpected angles.

This collection comprises materials on Santo Trafficante, Jr., Meyer Lansky, and Lucky Luciano, including FBI surveillance and informant reports and correspondence from a variety of offices including, Miami, Tampa, Jacksonville, New York City, New Orleans, Atlanta, New Haven, New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago; Justice Department memoranda, correspondence, and analyses; Newsclippings and articles; Domestic Intelligence Section reports; Transcriptions of wiretaps, typewriter tapes, and coded messages; Memoranda of conversations.

The fabric of the Florida's, and particularly Tampa's, history is richly woven with stories of ruthless gangsters who first grabbed control of illegal gambling and liquor distribution during Prohibition, executed rivals with point-blank shotgun blasts, bribed public officials, controlled the narcotics trade and eventually broadened their influence across the Sunshine State and pre-Castro Cuba.

Santo Trafficante, Jr.

A Godfather-like legend surrounds Tampa-born crime boss Santo Trafficante Jr., who took over the Sicilian Mafia in Florida from his father in 1954 and built a criminal empire that was the envy of mob families across the country. Joseph Pistone, the former FBI agent whose six years undercover with the mob were chronicled in the 1997 Johnny Depp movie Donnie Brasco, quoted in testimony that "…Trafficante was the boss of Florida. Miami was an open city, like Las Vegas. But if you operated in Tampa or other parts of the state, you had to go through Trafficante."

Meyer Lansky

During the immediate post war period and the 1950s, Hoover's G-men kept a close watch on the activities of Meyer Lansky in Miami and Havana. Lansky and Lucky Luciano had begun building a gambling empire in Cuba and Florida as early as the 1930s, but it was the 1950s that saw the greatest FBI effort.

Charles "Lucky" Luciano

This FBI file references the Parole and Deportation of Luciano in 1946 and includes materials related to the Havana Conference, the first full-scale meeting of American underworld leaders since the Chicago meeting in 1932. Entertainment at the conference was provided by, among others, Frank Sinatra who flew down to Cuba with the Fischetti brothers.

This collection includes FBI surveillance and informant reports and correspondence from a variety of offices including, Miami, Tampa, Jacksonville, New York City, New Orleans, Atlanta, New Haven, New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago; Justice Department memoranda, correspondence, and analyses; Newsclippings and articles; Domestic Intelligence Section reports; Transcriptions of wiretaps, typewriter tapes, and coded messages; Memoranda of conversations.

The declassified records that comprise this collection provide a detailed account of the diplomatic, economic, military, and cultural relationship between the United States and Cuba in the era of Fidel Castro (1926–2016). Included are extensive official records gathered from presidential libraries, government archives, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Department of State (DOS). The collection was originally built by historian Thomas G. Paterson (b. 1941) during his more than 25 years of research and writing on U.S.-Cuba relations in the Cold War period.

Original Microform Title: The U.S. and Castro's Cuba, 1950s-1970s: The Paterson Collection

The United States and its Territories: 1870/1925, the Age of Imprerialism, drawn from the University of Michigan Library's Southeast Asia collection, comprises the full text of monographs and government documents published in the United States, Spain, and the Philippines between 1870 and 1925. The primary focus of the material is the Spanish-American war and subsequent American governance (approximately 1898-1910). The text collection is complemented by digitized images from key photograph collections drawn from the Special Collections Research Center.

he documents in this collection offer a snapshot of Colombia at the height of the Cold War. Numerous records track the impact of the Castro revolution in Cuba, for example: "Colombia Tourist Agent Visits Embassy Regarding Prospective Travel of Colombians on Planned USSR Flights Between Havana and Moscow"; and naval equipment on loan: "Colombian Navy would like to lease ... from the United States Navy, under similar terms as those contained in the lease for the Floating Dry Dock." On the economy: National Coffee Federation tabulations (September 1960); and "it was a sellers' market during December for anyone holding dollars for sale as the Colombian peso continued to fall in relation to the dollar. The free market has advanced nervousness since October" (15 January 1963).

La Cartoteca (Creado por el Archivo General de la Nación, (ANG) ofrece la consulta de mapas y planos de ciudades, regiones y países procedentes de instituciones públicas y privadas, así como una gran diversidad de planos arquitectónicos, electromecánicos y catastrales, los cuales evidencian los acontecimientos históricos marcados en la cartografía.

Crisis in the Dominican Republic: Records of the U.S. State Department Central Files, February 1963-1966
The Dominican Republic has experienced many setbacks on the road to democracy. Dominican political history has been defined by traditions of "personalism," militarism, and social and economic elitism which has undermined its efforts to establish liberal constitutional rule. This collection includes U.S. State Department, U.S. Embassy, and Dominican Republic governmental dispatches, instructions, and miscellaneous correspondence dealing with topics such as political affairs and government; public order and safety; military affairs; social matters (including history and culture); economic conditions (including immigration and emigration); industry and agriculture; communications and transportation; and navigation. The material is in English, making the information contained in these files particularly accessible.

The Dominican Republic has experienced many setbacks on the road to democracy. Dominican political history has been defined by traditions of personalism, militarism, and social and economic elitism which has undermined its efforts to establish liberal constitutional rule.

In December 1962, scholar and poet Juan Bosch Gaviño, elected by the urban lower class, was very much an oddity in Dominican history -- the first freely elected, liberal, democratic president that expressed concern for the welfare of all Dominicans, particularly those whose voices had never really been heard before in the National Palace. The Bosch government supported revisions to the constitution that separated church and state, guaranteed civil and individual rights, and endorsed civilian control of the military. These and other changes, such as land reform, struck conservative landholders and military officers as radical and threatening, particularly when juxtaposed against three decades of somnolent authoritarianism under Trujillo. The Roman Catholic Church also resented the secular nature of the new constitution, in particular its provision for legalized divorce. The Church, along with the military leadership and the economic elite, also feared communist influence in the republic, and they warned of the potential for "another Cuba." The result of this concern and opposition was a military coup on September 25, 1963.

The military coup effectively negated the 1962 elections by installing a civilian junta, known as the Triumvirate, dominated by the Unión Cívica Nacional. The Triumvirate never succeeded in establishing its authority over competing conservative factions both inside and outside the military; it also never convinced the majority of the population of its legitimacy. The widespread dissatisfaction with the Triumvirate, coupled with lingering loyalties to Bosch, produced a revolution in April 1965.

A combination of reformist military and aroused civilian combatants calling themselves Constitutionalists (a reference to their support for the 1963 constitution), took to the streets on April 24, seized the National Palace, and installed Rafael Molina Ureña as provisional president. The revolution took on the dimensions of a civil war when conservative military forces struck back against the Constitutionalists on April 25. Despite tank assaults and bombing runs by conservative forces, the Constitutionalists held their positions in the capital; they appeared poised to branch out and secure control of the entire country. On April 28, the U.S. intervened in the civil war. President Johnson ordered in forces that eventually totaled 20,000, to secure Santo Domingo and to restore order. Johnson had acted in the stated belief that the Constitutionalists were dominated by communists and that they therefore could not be allowed to come to power. The intervention was subsequently granted some measure of hemispheric approval by the creation of an OAS sponsored peace force, which supplemented the U.S. military presence in the republic. Violent skirmishes between Loyalists and Constitutionalists went on sporadically as, once again, elections were organized. The OAS-sponsored peace force remained in the country for over a year and left after supervising elections in 1966 won by a repressive military junta led by Joaquín Balaguer.

The U.S. State Department Central Classified Files are the definitive source of American diplomatic reporting on political, military, social, and economic developments throughout the world in the twentieth century.

This collection contains a wide range of materials from U.S. diplomats, including:

• special reports on political and military affairs
• studies and statistics on socioeconomic matters
• interviews and minutes of meetings with foreign government officials
• full texts of letters, instructions, and cables sent and received by U.S. diplomats
• voluminous reports and translations from foreign journals and newspapers
• countless high-level foreign government documents, including speeches, memoranda, official reports, and transcripts of political meetings and assemblies
• political parties and elections
• unrest and revolution
• human rights
• government
• fiscal and monetary issues
• labor
• housing
• police and crime
• public health
• national defense
• foreign policymaking
• trade
• education
• religion
• culture

The documents in this archive trace developments primarily during the administration of John F. Kennedy. Included here are plans by the U.S. Air Force, under an existing understanding between Quito and Washington, to commence photograph mapping operations in Central and Western Ecuador. Documents on commercial affairs include a report on the robust market of U.S. ophthalmic goods in Ecuador with continuing competition expected "from French, German, Swiss, and Japanese products"; and a proposed visit by U.S. fisheries consultants (June 1962).

Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Ecuador, 1945-1959
Much of the 20th century history of Ecuador involved internal struggles between liberals and conservatives, and a territorial dispute between Peru and Ecuador that evolved into armed conflict in 1941 and was settled with the Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries between Peru and Ecuador, or Rio Protocol for short, signed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on January 29, 1942. 20th century Ecuadoran history was also shaped by one man in particular, José María Velasco Ibarra. His five presidential terms began with a mandate in 1934 and final presidency ending in 1972. He served in 1934–1935, 1944–1947, 1952–1956, 1960–1961, and 1968–1972. Only in 1952–1956 was he able to complete a full term as President. In his four other terms, he was removed by military force, and several times he was installed as president through a military coup.

The postwar era (1944–1948) The Quiteño multitudes stood in the pouring rain on May 31, 1944, to hear Velasco promise a "national resurrection", with social justice and due punishment for the "corrupt Liberal oligarchy" that had been responsible for "staining the national honor", believed that they were witnessing the birth of a popular revolution. Arroyo partisans were promptly jailed or sent into exile, while Velasco verbally baited the business community and the rest of the political right. The leftist elements within Velasco's Democratic Alliance, which dominated the constituent assembly that was convened to write a new constitution, were nonetheless destined to be disappointed.

In May 1945, after a year of growing hostility between the president and the assembly, which was vainly awaiting deeds to substantiate Velasco's rhetorical advocacy of social justice, the mercurial chief executive condemned and then repudiated the newly completed constitution. After dismissing the assembly, Velasco held elections for a new assembly, which in 1946 drafted a far more conservative constitution that met with the president's approval. For this brief period, Conservatives replaced the left as Velasco's base of support.

Rather than attending to the nation's economic problems, however, Velasco aggravated them by financing the dubious schemes of his associates. Inflation continued unabated, as did its negative impact on the national standard of living, and by 1947 foreign exchange reserves had fallen to dangerously low levels. In August, when Velasco was ousted by his minister of defense, nobody rose to defend the man who, only three years earlier, had been hailed as the nation's savior. During the following year, three different men briefly held executive power before Galo Lincoln Plaza Lasso de la Vega, running under a coalition of independent Liberals and socialists, narrowly defeated his Conservative opponent in presidential elections. His inauguration in September 1948 initiated what was to become the longest period of constitutional rule since the 1912–24 heyday of the Liberal plutocracy.

Constitutional rule (1947–1960) Galo Plaza differed from previous Ecuadorian presidents by bringing a developmentalist and technocratic emphasis to Ecuadorian government. No doubt Galo Plaza's most important contribution to Ecuadorian political culture was his commitment to the principles and practices of democracy. As president he promoted the agricultural exports of Ecuador, creating economic stability. During his presidency, an earthquake near Ambato severely damaged the city and surrounding areas and killed approximately 8,000 people. Unable to succeed himself, he left his office in 1952 as the first president in 28 years to complete his term in office.

A proof of the politically stabilizing effect of the banana boom of the 1950s is that even Velasco, who in 1952 was elected president for the third time, managed to serve out a full four-year term. Velasco's fourth term in the presidency initiated a renewal of crisis, instability, and military domination and ended conjecture that the political system had matured or developed in a democratic mold. Much of Velasco's support during the 1950s came from the Conservatives, the conservative Social Christian Movement (Movimiento Social Cristiano, MSC), and the highly nationalistic, anticommunist, quasi-fascist Ecuadorian Nationalist Revolutionary Action (Acción Revolucionaria Nacionalista Ecuatoriana, ARNE).

On repeated occasions, members of ARNE acted as thugs and shock troops, attacking students, labor unions, and the press. In 1955 Velasco also chose to pick a fight with the United States. In the opening round of what would later become known as the "tuna war," Ecuadorian officials seized two fishing boats carrying the United States flag, charging them with fishing inside the 200-nautical mile limit claimed by Ecuador as territorial seas under its sovereignty.

Camilo Ponce Enríquez served as President of Ecuador between 1956 and 1960, coming to power after a close election replete with allegations of fraud. Ponce's term saw the end of the banana boom that had sustained more than a decade of constitutional rule. Falling export prices led to rising unemployment and a social malaise that briefly erupted into riots in 1959. By the following year, the effects of the discontent were ready to be exploited by the populist appeal of the irrepressible Velasco, who was elected with his widest margin of victory ever. Velasco's fourth turn in the presidency initiated a renewal of crisis, instability, and military domination and ended conjecture that the political system had matured or developed a democratic mold.

Publications relating to political relations between the United States and other states generally include cables, memoranda, and correspondence addressing the political affairs and concerns affecting the particular state. Covering primarily the early Cold War documents, this collection gives researchers a unique insight into American foreign policy during one of its most stressful periods in international relations. After World War II, with only two superpowers vying for influence, access, and control, the United States looked to its state department to provide detailed analyses and insight into political affairs. As such these records are bound to be of great interest to diplomatic historians and historians studying these countries, seeking to understand American foreign affairs during this period.

The documents found in these files are predominantly instructions to – and despatches from – diplomatic and consular officials and are often accompanied by enclosures. Notes between the Department of State and foreign diplomats in the United States, memoranda prepared by State Department officials, and correspondence with officials of other government departments, as well as with private businesses and persons, are also included

The Archivo General de Centroamérica (Central American Archives) 1544-1821, in Guatemala, is the most comprehensive collection found anywhere in the world of historical records spanning the period of Spanish rule in the Americas. The holdings of the Archivo include myriad types of documents covering a host of cultural, legislative, judicial, fiscal, economic, religious, military, agricultural and commercial matters pertaining to the Kingdom of Guatemala, an area which, from the time of the Conquest in 1544 through 1821, embraced modern-day Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Mexican State of Chiapas.
3922 microfilm reels held at the Center for Research Libraries, To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form
Collection microfilmed 1970-1978 ; re-mastered in 2005.
You can consult the entire Guide for the microfilm collection in pdf format
You can consult the Guide for the entire microfilm collection in a searchable Fiding Aid
You can consult a smal portion of the collection digitalized 1184-A: Guatemala, Royal certificates, 1754-1760

Archival colonial materials on Spanish rule of Central America. The Central American Archives encompasses six million pages of original primary source documents (many of which are the only existing copy) spanning more than three centuries from 1519 to 1898 -- and document Spanish rule in the New World from the capital city of Antigua, Guatemala. In addition to Guatemala, the collection documents all aspects of commerce, politics, and development throughout El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Yucatan and Chiapas regions of Mexico. Central American Archives is a rich resource for Latin American, Central American, and Spanish studies. Researchers will find a unique view of the colonial history of the region as well as the framework underlying the political, economic, and social history of contemporary Central America. Original legal documents, diplomatic dispatches, confidential communiqués, invoices, confidential letters, criminal records, edicts of the central government and other previously unavailable material are preserved on microform, and searchable through the online guide."/ The collection is organized "by region, consisting of the central "Guatemala" gobierno (province) and the satellite provinces that collectively made up the Captaincy General of Spanish colonial rule:Yucatan/Chiapas, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. 'Within these regions are further divisions by subject: Superior Gobierno (Central Government); Judicial & Military; Real Hacienda (Treasury); Independence.' " This collection presents "a wealth of legislative, judicial, economic and religious materials, including: Correspondence with Spanish authorities; Municipal financial records; Hand drawn maps of neighborhoods; Records of civil suits; Land surveys; Records of the Church; Policies on treatment of indigenous peoples; Minutes of town council meetings; Notario records."

The complete set of microfilm, covering the following areas:
Guatemala, Superior Gobierno (central government) [reels 1A-1537A]
Guatemala, economic [reels 1537A-1853A]
Guatemala, economic, judicial & military [reels 1C-150C]
Guatemala, Real Hacienda (treasury) [reels 1854A-2532A]
Yucatan [reels 1B-3B]
Chiapas [reels 3B-199B]
El Salvador [reels 200B-577B]
Honduras [reels 577B-878B]
Nicaragua [reels 878B-1173B, 1175B-1187B, 1189B-1212B]
Costa Rica [reels 1212B-1241B
Expand this explanation reading: Three Hundred Years of Central American Archives by Dr. John Browning, Professor Emeritus of Spanish at McMaster University

The Archivo General de Centroamérica (Central American Archives) 1544-1821, in Guatemala, is the most comprehensive collection found anywhere in the world of historical records spanning the period of Spanish rule in the Americas. The holdings of the Archivo include myriad types of documents covering a host of cultural, legislative, judicial, fiscal, economic, religious, military, agricultural and commercial matters pertaining to the Kingdom of Guatemala, an area which, from the time of the Conquest in 1544 through 1821, embraced modern-day Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Mexican State of Chiapas.
3922 microfilm reels held at the Center for Research Libraries, To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form
Collection microfilmed 1970-1978 ; re-mastered in 2005.
You can consult the entire Guide for the microfilm collection in pdf format
You can consult the Guide for the entire microfilm collection in a searchable Fiding Aid
You can consult a smal portion of the collection digitalized 1184-A: Guatemala, Royal certificates, 1754-1760

Archival colonial materials on Spanish rule of Central America. The Central American Archives encompasses six million pages of original primary source documents (many of which are the only existing copy) spanning more than three centuries from 1519 to 1898 -- and document Spanish rule in the New World from the capital city of Antigua, Guatemala. In addition to Guatemala, the collection documents all aspects of commerce, politics, and development throughout El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Yucatan and Chiapas regions of Mexico. Central American Archives is a rich resource for Latin American, Central American, and Spanish studies. Researchers will find a unique view of the colonial history of the region as well as the framework underlying the political, economic, and social history of contemporary Central America. Original legal documents, diplomatic dispatches, confidential communiqués, invoices, confidential letters, criminal records, edicts of the central government and other previously unavailable material are preserved on microform, and searchable through the online guide."/ The collection is organized "by region, consisting of the central "Guatemala" gobierno (province) and the satellite provinces that collectively made up the Captaincy General of Spanish colonial rule:Yucatan/Chiapas, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. 'Within these regions are further divisions by subject: Superior Gobierno (Central Government); Judicial & Military; Real Hacienda (Treasury); Independence.' " This collection presents "a wealth of legislative, judicial, economic and religious materials, including: Correspondence with Spanish authorities; Municipal financial records; Hand drawn maps of neighborhoods; Records of civil suits; Land surveys; Records of the Church; Policies on treatment of indigenous peoples; Minutes of town council meetings; Notario records."

The complete set of microfilm, covering the following areas:
Guatemala, Superior Gobierno (central government) [reels 1A-1537A]
Guatemala, economic [reels 1537A-1853A]
Guatemala, economic, judicial & military [reels 1C-150C]
Guatemala, Real Hacienda (treasury) [reels 1854A-2532A]
Yucatan [reels 1B-3B]
Chiapas [reels 3B-199B]
El Salvador [reels 200B-577B]
Honduras [reels 577B-878B]
Nicaragua [reels 878B-1173B, 1175B-1187B, 1189B-1212B]
Costa Rica [reels 1212B-1241B
Expand this explanation reading: Three Hundred Years of Central American Archives by Dr. John Browning, Professor Emeritus of Spanish at McMaster University

The result was an unparalleled archive of gray literature (published and unpublished documents, pronouncements, action alerts, press releases, flyers, newsclippings, correspondence, and other types of ephemeral material), serials, and policy reports representing the actions and views of activist groups, government officers and politicians, journalists, international solidarity groups, as well as revolutionary organizations. The Princeton University Library digitized over 11,000 items from the archive in collaboration with the Cooperative Digitization of International Research Materials (CDIRM) project, organized by the Council of American Overseas Research Centers (CAORC).

"The Haitian Diaspora Oral History Digital Collection includes videos and outlines of oral history interviews conducted with individuals of Haitian ancestry that are well-renowned in the world of culture and the arts, education, community activism, civic leadership, and many professional organizations. In these interviews, musicians, artists, dancers, and writers explore the creative process, often through the lens of the diaspora experience, while showcasing the Haitian influence in the arts. Educators, activists and civic leaders share their experiences and their passion for supporting both their local community and the larger Haitian community.". (from website)
Created and maintained by University of Miami ,/span>/strong>

Organized by Duke University, you can consult here "materials from (or related to) the migration by sea of Cubans, Dominicans, and Haitians, including the refugee camp for Cuban and Haitian rafters that existed in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, largely dating from 1991-1996. Collection includes camp newspapers and artwork created by refugees held at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba; materials from the U.S. Coast Guard and other military sources, such as newspapers written in Haitian Creole, photocopies of camp rules and refugee intake procedures, and a transcript from an introductory video shown to refugees arriving at the camps; magazines and media coverage of refugee situations, including some material on Elián González; photographs and slides of refugees, Coast Guard personnel, and conditions in the camps in Cuba. Refugees arriving in Miami are included as are photographs of the work of the Guantanámo Refugee Assistance and Services Program in Miami and in the camps in Guantánamo Bay".

The Archivo General de Centroamérica (Central American Archives) 1544-1821, in Guatemala, is the most comprehensive collection found anywhere in the world of historical records spanning the period of Spanish rule in the Americas. The holdings of the Archivo include myriad types of documents covering a host of cultural, legislative, judicial, fiscal, economic, religious, military, agricultural and commercial matters pertaining to the Kingdom of Guatemala, an area which, from the time of the Conquest in 1544 through 1821, embraced modern-day Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Mexican State of Chiapas.
3922 microfilm reels held at the Center for Research Libraries, To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form
Collection microfilmed 1970-1978 ; re-mastered in 2005.
You can consult the entire Guide for the microfilm collection in pdf format
You can consult the Guide for the entire microfilm collection in a searchable Fiding Aid
You can consult a smal portion of the collection digitalized 1184-A: Guatemala, Royal certificates, 1754-1760

Archival colonial materials on Spanish rule of Central America. The Central American Archives encompasses six million pages of original primary source documents (many of which are the only existing copy) spanning more than three centuries from 1519 to 1898 -- and document Spanish rule in the New World from the capital city of Antigua, Guatemala. In addition to Guatemala, the collection documents all aspects of commerce, politics, and development throughout El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Yucatan and Chiapas regions of Mexico. Central American Archives is a rich resource for Latin American, Central American, and Spanish studies. Researchers will find a unique view of the colonial history of the region as well as the framework underlying the political, economic, and social history of contemporary Central America. Original legal documents, diplomatic dispatches, confidential communiqués, invoices, confidential letters, criminal records, edicts of the central government and other previously unavailable material are preserved on microform, and searchable through the online guide."/ The collection is organized "by region, consisting of the central "Guatemala" gobierno (province) and the satellite provinces that collectively made up the Captaincy General of Spanish colonial rule:Yucatan/Chiapas, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. 'Within these regions are further divisions by subject: Superior Gobierno (Central Government); Judicial & Military; Real Hacienda (Treasury); Independence.' " This collection presents "a wealth of legislative, judicial, economic and religious materials, including: Correspondence with Spanish authorities; Municipal financial records; Hand drawn maps of neighborhoods; Records of civil suits; Land surveys; Records of the Church; Policies on treatment of indigenous peoples; Minutes of town council meetings; Notario records."

The complete set of microfilm, covering the following areas:
Guatemala, Superior Gobierno (central government) [reels 1A-1537A]
Guatemala, economic [reels 1537A-1853A]
Guatemala, economic, judicial & military [reels 1C-150C]
Guatemala, Real Hacienda (treasury) [reels 1854A-2532A]
Yucatan [reels 1B-3B]
Chiapas [reels 3B-199B]
El Salvador [reels 200B-577B]
Honduras [reels 577B-878B]
Nicaragua [reels 878B-1173B, 1175B-1187B, 1189B-1212B]
Costa Rica [reels 1212B-1241B
Expand this explanation reading: Three Hundred Years of Central American Archives by Dr. John Browning, Professor Emeritus of Spanish at McMaster University

Organized by Kansas University, this collection features broadsides from the Kenneth Spencer Research Library's William J. Griffith Collection of Guatemala and Central America. Dating from the 1820s to 1922, the broadsides are primarily Guatemalan, with a smaller number from Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Many pertain to national and local politics and include election materials, political manifestos, and government pronouncements.

The Mesoamerican Archive is an collection of annotated videos documenting the years of protest and violent social change in Central America and Mexico. The archive is drawn from the rich archives of the MUPI in El Salvador, the IHNCA in Nicaragua and CIESAS in Mexico. Key themes include human rights, political violence, youth movements, the Sandinista government, guerrilla media, revolutionary literature, international relations, among others. Archival software was produced at Indiana University Libraries, and all videos can be streamed free thanks to the generosity of the project partners

Revolution in Honduras and American Business: The Quintessential "Banana Republic"

The first decades of the twentieth century were a time of political and economic change. In 1899, the first boatload of bananas was shipped from Honduras to the United States. The fruit found a ready market, and the trade grew rapidly. The American-based banana companies constructed railroad lines and roads to serve the expanding banana production. Perhaps even more significant, Honduras began to attract the attention of the U.S. government. Until the early twentieth century, the U.S. played only a very limited role in internal Honduran political clashes. With its investments growing, however, the U.S. showed increased concern over Honduras's political instability. Although United States marines never occupied Honduras as they did neighboring Nicaragua, the U.S. frequently dispatched warships to waters near Honduras as a warning that intervention in Honduras was indeed a possibility if American business interests were threatened or domestic conflict escalated.

Honduras is the "standard" for a "banana republic" having been O. Henry's model. This collection would detail both the political and financial machinations of the fruit companies, but also the graft and corruption of the national government, the American banking community's loans, the U.S. government's response and the various aborted popular/revolutionary uprisings. The largest single group of records relates to Honduran political affairs; pertaining chiefly to the turbulent political situation and almost continuous revolutionary activity in Honduras. Included are discussions of boundary disputes and border troubles with EL Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala and revolutionary movements originating from these neighboring countries and from Mexico; German activities in Honduras in World War I; landing of U.S. Marines to protect U.S. citizens during revolutions; cases of alleged violation of neutrality laws, and shipment of arms and munitions to Honduras from the U.S.; the participation of Sumner Welles in a conference to mediate the revolution in 1924; and presidential campaigns and elections. Another large group of records relates to financial affairs and concerns such matters as the proposed adjustment of the Honduran debt by the United States, loan negotiations and agreements between the Republic of Honduras and the J. P. Morgan Co. and other banking groups in the U.S., re-funding of the internal debt of Honduras, settlement of Honduras' foreign debt, and loans to the Government of Honduras by various fruit companies.

El inventario fue elaborado por Pablo Max Ynsfran y publicado bajo el título Catálogo del archivo de don Lucas Alamán que se conserva en la Universidad de Texas, Austin en Historia Mexicana 4: 2-3 (núms. 14-15), 1954. Reproducción del catálogo con autorización de los editores de Historia Mexicana (El Colegio de México).

The Mesoamerican Archive is an collection of annotated videos documenting the years of protest and violent social change in Central America and Mexico. The archive is drawn from the rich archives of the MUPI in El Salvador, the IHNCA in Nicaragua and CIESAS in Mexico. Key themes include human rights, political violence, youth movements, the Sandinista government, guerrilla media, revolutionary literature, international relations, among others. Archival software was produced at Indiana University Libraries, and all videos can be streamed free thanks to the generosity of the project partners

Organized and collected by University of New Mexico Libraries, this large collection contains posters from Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Panama, Nicaragua, and Spain among a few. Over 5,000 of these posters are available here. They address themes such as elections, imperialism, solidarity, human rights, and revolution.

Organized and collected by University of New Mexico Libraries, posters in this collection were collected from Cuba, Nicaragua, and Mexico by Jane Norling and Lenora Davis. The posters were produced by various agencies and address subjects such as film, solidarity with the struggles of Third World countries, labor, tourism, disease prevention, women, energy conservation, the Vietnam War, and the Cuban Revolution.

The uprising in Chiapas is not over. We had to stop collecting information at an arbitrary point in time to get this book to the printer, and already (before it has gone to press) there has been a lot of new information. Below are several useful sources of information about the Zapatistas, as well as some contacts for solidarity work

190 microfilm reels held at the Center for Research Libraries, To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form

• Foreign Office. Consulate, Mexico City, Mexico : General correspondence, 1823-1863, 1886-1915  (F.O. 203) 
  [Catalog Link]  [Guide (link is external)]
• Foreign Office. Embassy, consulates and legation, Mexico : General correspondence, 1822-1973 (F.O. 204)  
  [Catalog Link]  [Guide (link is external)]
• Foreign Office. Consulates and legation : Mexico, registers of correspondence, 823-1933  (F.O. 206)
  [Catalog Link] [Guide (link is external)]
• Foreign Office. Consulates and legation : Mexico, miscellanea, 1816-1927 (F.O. 207)
  [Catalog Link]  [Guide (link is external)]

A freely available archive of primary documents from Mexico from the 15th Century to the present.

Photographs of Mexico from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century from the special collections of the Getty Research Institute,
Author: Beth Ann Guynn, Senior Collections Cataloger
Created 2000, updated 2001 and 2010

Read a review in
Saxon, Jonathan. "Digital Resources: Getty Research Institute Digital Exhibitions and Portals for Mexico." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. September 29, 2016. Oxford University Press. Date of access 28 Apr. 2020,
https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-309

The Independent and Revolutionary Mexican Newspapers collection traces the evolution of Mexico during this pivotal period. Comprising over 1,000 titles from Mexico’s pre-independence, independence and revolutionary periods (1807-1929), the newspapers in this collection provide rare documentation of the dramatic events of this era and include coverage of Mexican partisan politics, yellow press, political and social satire, as well as local, regional, national and international news. While holdings of many of the newspapers in this collection are available only in very short runs, the titles are often unique and, in many cases, represent the only existing record of a newspaper’s short-lived publication.

Most of the titles in the Independent and Revolutionary Mexican Newspapers collection are from the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, a research library at the University of Texas at Austin for area studies on Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and the Latino presence in the United States. The Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection is regarded by many as the preeminent Latin American library in the United States and is particularly rich in out-of-the-ordinary materials issued in small print runs, many difficult to acquire when first published and impossible to acquire today.

The Independent and Revolutionary Mexican Newspapers collection is part of East View’s Global Press Archive® (GPA) program. Open Access to this collection is made possible through the generous support of the Center for Research Libraries and its member institutions.

This collection of U.S. State Department records consists of political and military documents relating to the Mexican Revolution and its aftermath -1910-1924. These unique and insightful records provide an unprecedented look at the Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910 and continued sporadically until the new Constitution was adopted in 1917, through to and including the election of Calles.

This collection of U.S. State Department records consist of political and military documents relating to the Mexican Revolution and its aftermath -1910-1924. These documents provide an unprecedented look at the Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910 and continued sporadically until the new Constitution was adopted in 1917, through to and including the election of Calles. There are accounts of major military and political events, such as the growing opposition in 1910 to the regime of Porfirio Diaz; the forced resignation of Diaz in 1911 and the election of the revolutionary leader, Francisco I. Madero, as President; the assassination of Madero in 1913, followed by the military dictatorship of Victoriano Huerta; the growing unrest and the revolt against Huerta that brought about his resignation in July 1914; the Mexican arrest of American marines at Tampico and the military occupation of Veracruz by the U.S. in April 1914; the Convention at Aguascalientes in the latter part of 1914, an unsuccessful attempt by the revolutionary leaders Venustiano Carranza, Francisco "Pancho" Villa, and Emiliano Zapata to settle their differences; the defeat of Villa in 1915 by the Carranza forces under command of Alvaro Obregon and the de facto recognition by the United States of the Mexican Government under Carranza; the U. S. expedition into Mexico under General Pershing to pursue Villa after his raids across the border in March 1916; the revolt resulting in the death of Carranza in 1920 and the election of Obregon as President; the de jure recognition of Mexico by the U.S. in 1923; and the election of Plutarco Elias Calles as President in 1924.

Many of the documents relate to military activities and movements of government and rebel forces. Others concern matters resulting from revolutionary disorder and violence, such as the need for protecting American citizens and their property, the attitude of the Mexican people toward the U.S., food shortages, bandit activity by small rebel groups, disruption of communication and transportation systems, difficulties caused by the occupation and the reoccupation of various towns and states by government and rebel forces, smuggling of arms, and numerous border violations by Mexican rebel forces.

During the early 1920's much of the correspondence concerns problems resulting from the Mexican Government's attempt to introduce various reforms provided for in the Constitution of 1917, some of which related to subsoil rights. Others concerned the expropriation of foreign-owned property, the conflict with the Catholic Church, the attempt to eliminate foreign control of most major industries, agrarian disorders relating to land reforms, bolshevism, and political conditions in various Mexican states.

Source Note: RG 59: Records of the Department of State, Central Files, 1910-1929, Mexico, Political Affairs (812.00)

The Archivo General de Centroamérica (Central American Archives) 1544-1821, in Guatemala, is the most comprehensive collection found anywhere in the world of historical records spanning the period of Spanish rule in the Americas. The holdings of the Archivo include myriad types of documents covering a host of cultural, legislative, judicial, fiscal, economic, religious, military, agricultural and commercial matters pertaining to the Kingdom of Guatemala, an area which, from the time of the Conquest in 1544 through 1821, embraced modern-day Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Mexican State of Chiapas.
3922 microfilm reels held at the Center for Research Libraries, To request any microfilm from CRL, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form
Collection microfilmed 1970-1978 ; re-mastered in 2005.
You can consult the entire Guide for the microfilm collection in pdf format
You can consult the Guide for the entire microfilm collection in a searchable Fiding Aid
You can consult a smal portion of the collection digitalized 1184-A: Guatemala, Royal certificates, 1754-1760

Archival colonial materials on Spanish rule of Central America. The Central American Archives encompasses six million pages of original primary source documents (many of which are the only existing copy) spanning more than three centuries from 1519 to 1898 -- and document Spanish rule in the New World from the capital city of Antigua, Guatemala. In addition to Guatemala, the collection documents all aspects of commerce, politics, and development throughout El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the Yucatan and Chiapas regions of Mexico. Central American Archives is a rich resource for Latin American, Central American, and Spanish studies. Researchers will find a unique view of the colonial history of the region as well as the framework underlying the political, economic, and social history of contemporary Central America. Original legal documents, diplomatic dispatches, confidential communiqués, invoices, confidential letters, criminal records, edicts of the central government and other previously unavailable material are preserved on microform, and searchable through the online guide."/ The collection is organized "by region, consisting of the central "Guatemala" gobierno (province) and the satellite provinces that collectively made up the Captaincy General of Spanish colonial rule:Yucatan/Chiapas, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. 'Within these regions are further divisions by subject: Superior Gobierno (Central Government); Judicial & Military; Real Hacienda (Treasury); Independence.' " This collection presents "a wealth of legislative, judicial, economic and religious materials, including: Correspondence with Spanish authorities; Municipal financial records; Hand drawn maps of neighborhoods; Records of civil suits; Land surveys; Records of the Church; Policies on treatment of indigenous peoples; Minutes of town council meetings; Notario records."

The complete set of microfilm, covering the following areas:
Guatemala, Superior Gobierno (central government) [reels 1A-1537A]
Guatemala, economic [reels 1537A-1853A]
Guatemala, economic, judicial & military [reels 1C-150C]
Guatemala, Real Hacienda (treasury) [reels 1854A-2532A]
Yucatan [reels 1B-3B]
Chiapas [reels 3B-199B]
El Salvador [reels 200B-577B]
Honduras [reels 577B-878B]
Nicaragua [reels 878B-1173B, 1175B-1187B, 1189B-1212B]
Costa Rica [reels 1212B-1241B
Expand this explanation reading: Three Hundred Years of Central American Archives by Dr. John Browning, Professor Emeritus of Spanish at McMaster University

Organized by Kansas University, this collection features broadsides from the Kenneth Spencer Research Library's William J. Griffith Collection of Guatemala and Central America. Dating from the 1820s to 1922, the broadsides are primarily Guatemalan, with a smaller number from Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Many pertain to national and local politics and include election materials, political manifestos, and government pronouncements.

Organized and collected by University of New Mexico Libraries, posters in this collection were collected from Cuba, Nicaragua, and Mexico by Jane Norling and Lenora Davis. The posters were produced by various agencies and address subjects such as film, solidarity with the struggles of Third World countries, labor, tourism, disease prevention, women, energy conservation, the Vietnam War, and the Cuban Revolution.

The Mesoamerican Archive is an collection of annotated videos documenting the years of protest and violent social change in Central America and Mexico. The archive is drawn from the rich archives of the MUPI in El Salvador, the IHNCA in Nicaragua and CIESAS in Mexico. Key themes include human rights, political violence, youth movements, the Sandinista government, guerrilla media, revolutionary literature, international relations, among others. Archival software was produced at Indiana University Libraries, and all videos can be streamed free thanks to the generosity of the project partners

The United States kept a contingent force in Nicaragua almost continually from 1912 until 1933. Although reduced to 100 in 1913, the contingent served as a reminder of the willingness of the United States to use force and its desire to keep conservative governments in power. This collection provides documentation on the almost continual political instability in Nicaragua.

The United States occupation of Nicaragua was part of the larger conflict known as the Banana Wars. The formal occupation began in 1912, although several other operations were conducted before the full scale invasion. United States military interventions in Nicaragua were intended to prevent the construction of the Nicaraguan Canal by any nation but the United States. Nicaragua assumed a quasi-protectorate status under the 1916 Chamorro-Bryan Treaty. The occupation ended as Augusto César Sandino, Nicaraguan revolutionary, led guerrilla armies against U.S. troops. The onset of the Great Depression made it costly for the U.S. government to maintain the occupation so a withdrawal was ordered in 1933. Comprising records of the State Department's Central Classified Files, this collection contains records relating to the internal affairs of Nicaragua. The records include instructions sent to and correspondence received by the State Department; the State Department's internal documentation, as well as correspondence between the Department and other federal departments and agencies, Congress, and private individuals and organizations; telegrams, airgrams, instructions, inquiries, studies, memoranda, situation reports, translations, special reports, plans, and official and unofficial correspondence.

The documents in this archive trace developments primarily during the administration of President John F. Kennedy. Reports on commerce abound, including memoranda from the embassy in Managua on total sugar production estimates that may enter the United States. Memoranda on social welfare include: a survey of government-sponsored social welfare organizations as well as details on the National Social Assistance Lottery and the National Committee for the Anti-Tuberculosis Campaign. From the embassy at San José (Costa Rica) various items are included, such as: "Central America Common Market Meetings Completed"; "Pure Oil Company Not 'In' Oil Refinery Deal"; and "Tripartite Treaty of Commerce" [between Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua] "Goes into Effect" (August 1962).

Organized and collected by University of New Mexico Libraries, this large collection contains posters from Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Panama, Nicaragua, and Spain among a few. Over 5,000 of these posters are available here. They address themes such as elections, imperialism, solidarity, human rights, and revolution.

Organized and collected by University of New Mexico Libraries, this large collection contains posters from Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Panama, Nicaragua, and Spain among a few. Over 5,000 of these posters are available here. They address themes such as elections, imperialism, solidarity, human rights, and revolution.

Documents in this collection trace U.S.-Panamanian relations during the Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy administrations. Issues relating to shipping and the significance of the Panama Canal during the Cold War include: "Panama Stymies Use of Her Flag in Vietminh Trade ... A parallel situation exists in the trade with Red China" (September 1955); and "Ships Enroute to U.S. from Soviet or Satellite Ports" (October 1957). A letter to U.S. Ambassador Julian F. Harrington details "the possibility that the Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1960 would result in a general acceptance by the United States of a six-mile breadth of territorial sea" (April 1960). Other documents chart day-to-day aspects of the economy: a report on sugar production with tables on sugar production and consumption (June 1950); and an announcement by the Panamá Canal Company of a contract award for native lumber (August 1952).
Subcollections

• Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Panama, 1950-1954
• Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Panama, 1955-1959
• Records of the Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Panama, 1960-1963

Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Panama, 1950-1959

Much of the United States' 19th and 20th century dealings with Panama revolved around its commercial and military interests in transit across the Isthmus. This began in 1846, when the US and New Granada (later Panama) signed the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty (also known as the Treaty of New Granada), granting the US right of way across the Isthmus, and the authority to intervene militarily should there be any threats to New Granada's sovereignty. This treaty opened the door for US political, commercial, and military influence in the Panamanian Isthmus. US interests in Panama continued in 1855 with the completion of the Panama Railway, and culminated in 1914 with the completion of the Panama Canal. The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (Tratado Hay-Bunau Varilla) was a treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and Panama, which established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal. It was named after its two primary negotiators, Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, the French diplomatic representative of Panama, and United States Secretary of State John Hay. This treaty was a source of conflict between Panama and the United States since its creation. The Canal Zone became a racially and socially segregated area, set aside from the country of Panama. Riots in 1964 over Panamanian sovereignty of the Canal Zone led to the Torrijos–Carter Treaties (Tratados Torrijos-Carter) of 1977, which eventually allowed for the transfer of full control of the Panama Canal to Panama on December 31, 1999.

From 1903 until 1968, the Republic of Panama was dominated by a commercially oriented oligarchy mainly made up of post-colonial aristocratic families. During the 1950s, the Panamanian military began to challenge the oligarchy's political hegemony. Coups, political maneuvering, and various intrigues plagued Panamanian politics and society throughout this period. Arnulfo Arias Madrid, President of Panama from 1949-1951, warned of the increasing influence of the military up to the point where his presidency ended in a coup. Throughout the decade of the 1950s, a succession of Presidents were installed and removed from office by the military. From 1952 until his death in 1955, Colonel José Antonio Remón Cantera held the presidency as Panama's first military strongman. His influence in Panamanian politics dated back into the 1940s. in 1953, Remón's administration negotiated amendments to the Panama Canal treaty with the U.S. administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. These negotiations led to the Remón-Eisenhower Treaty, ratified in 1955, that substantially raised the annual annuity paid to Panama (from $430,000 to $1.9 million) and resulted in the handover of approximately $20 million in property from the Panama Canal Company to Panama.

Following Remón's death, two more Presidents came and went in quick succession in 1955 and 1956, until the election of Ernesto de la Guardia Navarro who served as President of Panama from October 1, 1956 to October 1, 1960. Navarro was a leading advocate for Panamanian democracy. During his administration, he was involved in disputes with the United States involving interpretations of the treaties regarding the Panama Canal Zone.

Publications relating to political relations between the United States and other states generally include cables, memoranda, and correspondence addressing the political affairs and concerns affecting the particular state. Covering primarily the early Cold War documents, this collection gives researchers a unique insight into American foreign policy during one of its most stressful periods in international relations. After World War II, with only two superpowers vying for influence, access, and control, the United States looked to its state department to provide detailed analyses and insight into political affairs. As such these records are bound to be of great interest to diplomatic historians and historians studying these countries, seeking to understand American foreign affairs during this period.

The documents found in these files are predominantly instructions to – and despatches from – diplomatic and consular officials and are often accompanied by enclosures. Notes between the Department of State and foreign diplomats in the United States, memoranda prepared by State Department officials, and correspondence with officials of other government departments, as well as with private businesses and persons, are also included

This collection concerns United States relations with Panama, particularly Operation Just Cause and its aftermath. The United States grew increasingly displeased with the regime of Panamanian strongman Manuel Noriega in the late 1980s as Noriega's connections with South American drug cartels became evident. In the summer of 1989, the U.S. became more concerned after Noriega subverted the electoral process and encouraged violence against opposition political opponents. In December 1989, following attacks on members of the U.S. armed forces stationed in Panama, the United States struck back in Operation Just Cause, its mission to restore democratic institutions in Panama and arrest Noriega for his role in international drug smuggling. The brief military operation proved successful, and Noriega, after first alluding capture and taking refuge in the Papal Nuncio's residence, surrendered to U.S. authorities. He was transported back to the United States, stood trial on numerous drug-related charges, and was convicted and sentenced to prison.

This collection includes letters, memoranda, reports, papers, cables, and notes related to all aspects of our relations with Panama. Materials document high-level diplomatic efforts to resolve the situation in Panama as well as plans and preparations for military action there. Additional materials provide insight into the actual military operations, loss of American military personnel, and civilian and military casualties suffered by Panama. The materials document U.S. relations with other Latin American countries regarding the Panama crisis. Some letters and memoranda document Congressional interactions over sanctions and military operations against Panama. Internal staff deliberations regarding post-operation policy provide insights into the manner and methods by which the United States supported the reestablishment of democratic institutions and police forces within Panama. However, again, much of this material remains closed currently.

Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Paraguay, 1945-1959

1945-1959 was a period of change and turbulence in the Republic of Paraguay (República del Paraguay). Following the death in a plane crash of President José Félix Estigarribia in 1940, General Higinio Nicolás Morínigo Martínez was chosen by the army and Liberal ministers as interim President for the two-month period leading to new Presidential elections. Not willing to give up power, Morínigo postponed elections, banned all political parties, and assumed dictatorial powers, a move that would see him in command and control from 1940-1948. He announced a policy of "discipline, hierarchy and order" (disciplina, jerarquia, y orden) and stated that persons who spread subversive ideas would be "subject to confinement". Morínigo, many Paraguayan military officers, and government officials were sympathetic to the Axis cause, much to the consternation of the United States. The US eventually forced Morínigo to sever diplomatic ties with the Axis countries, but he kept Paraguay neutral throughout the Second World War, while maintaining close ties with the German-influenced Argentine military.

Following the Second World War, Morínigo created a civilian coalition government and allowed some political freedoms, going so far as to legalize the Paraguayan Communist Party. Nevertheless, his continuing suppression of opposition groups led to a civil war in 1947 known as the Barefoot Revolution. Equipped with surplus weapons from the United States and vital support from Argentina under Juan Perón, Morínigo put down the revolution. In 1948, Morínigo organized an election and supported the only candidate allowed to run, Juan Natalicio González. González only served a brief term, 15 August 1948 to 30 January 1949, before being driven out of power by a coup d'état. There followed a chaotic period which saw two more presidential administrations in a short span of time - Brigadier General Raimundo Rolón Villasanti was briefly President of Paraguay from January 30, 1949, to February 27, 1949; Felipe Benigno Molas López served President of Paraguay from February 27, 1949 – September 10, 1949, when he resigned. The chaos ended with the election of Federico Chávez Careaga, a Paraguayan politician and soldier who served as President of Paraguay from September 10, 1949, to May 4, 1954. Upon his re-election in 1954, Chávez tried to strengthen his regime by arming the national police. A coup d'état led by General Alfredo Stroessner on May 4 ended his administration. From May 4, 1954, to August 15, 1954, the presidency was briefly held by Tomás Romero Pereira as a compromise between the military who led the coup and the Colorado Party who was in power. On July 11, 1954, an election was held with Stroessner as the sole candidate and Romero handed over the presidency.

General Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda would define Paraguayan politics and foreign relations for 35 years from 15 August 1954 to 3 February 1989. Upon assuming the presidency, Stroessner quickly suspended constitutional and civil rights, and began a period of harsh repression with the support of the army and the military police (which also served as a secret or political police) against anyone who opposed his authoritarian rule. Throughout his tenure in office, Stroessner ruled the country under martial law, suspending civil liberties, and placing the country under a state of siege. Stroessner's Paraguay became a haven for Nazi war criminals, including Josef Mengele, and non-communist peaceful opposition was crushed. Given Stroessner's affinity for Nazism and harboring of Nazi war criminals, foreign press often referred to his government as the "poor man's Nazi regime". Despite his draconian rule and widespread human rights violations, Stroessner was a devoted anti-communist, earning him the support of the United States during the Cold War.

As a sidenote, Stroessner's own presidency would end in a coup d'état led by his most trusted confidant, Major General Andrés Rodríguez Pedotti, with the support of the army.

Publications relating to political relations between the United States and other states generally include cables, memoranda, and correspondence addressing the political affairs and concerns affecting the particular state. Covering primarily the early Cold War documents, this collection gives researchers a unique insight into American foreign policy during one of its most stressful periods in international relations. After World War II, with only two superpowers vying for influence, access, and control, the United States looked to its state department to provide detailed analyses and insight into political affairs. As such these records are bound to be of great interest to diplomatic historians and historians studying these countries, seeking to understand American foreign affairs during this period.

The documents found in these files are predominantly instructions to – and despatches from – diplomatic and consular officials and are often accompanied by enclosures. Notes between the Department of State and foreign diplomats in the United States, memoranda prepared by State Department officials, and correspondence with officials of other government departments, as well as with private businesses and persons, are also included

Documents in this collection describe U.S.-Peruvian relations during the Cold War. Examples include: "Both Prensa Latina and Agence France Presse in Lima are staffed by Communists and Pro-Communists"; "Yugoslav ship calls in Peru"; memoranda on U.S. military interest in obtaining permission for essential air transportation traffic transit in Peru; and a letter from Texas Petroleum Company to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs regarding litigation between the Peruvian Government and the Company. Other records include: "Change in Method of Tax Payment for Foreign Mining Companies in Peru" (January 1960); and "Peruvian ‘Rights' in Antarctica" (May 1962).

Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Peru, 1945-1959

This period of the history of the Peruvian Republic not only saw the end of the Second World War, but was also near the end of the era in Peru known as the Democratic Spring (Primavera Democrática), 1939-1948. This period saw Manuel Carlos Prado y Ugarteche serve two terms as President, 1939 – 1945, and 1956 – 1962. During the Second World War, Peru supported the United States in the war against the Axis powers and both countries shared close ties. Prado's government was democratic and enjoyed popular support, including the support of the Peruvian Communist Party. On a darker note, Peru followed the example of the United States in its treatment of its Japanese immigrant population. During the war, Peru rounded up around 2,000 of its own Japanese immigrants and sent them to the United States for internment.

Following the close of the Second World War, José Luis Bustamante y Rivero took over as President of Peru from 1945 to 1948, enjoying the support of the Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano, PAP) – a member of the Socialist International – and the Peruvian Communist Party. Bustamente attempted to create a more democratic society with full freedom of the press and support for civil rights, as well as limiting the power of the military and oligarchy. Tensions eventually rose with the Apristas, and a brief Naval insurrection in 1948 was crushed, with Bustamente thereafter suspending all civil rights. Postwar economic problems and labor union strife led to a military coup on October 29, 1948, which led General Manuel A. Odría to become the new President.

Odría held power from 1948-1956. A populist, Odría was favored by the poor, but his government restricted civil rights and corruption was rampant. Surprisingly in 1956, Odría legalized opposition parties and called for elections, culminating in the return to power of Manuel Carlos Prado y Ugarteche. During his second term, Prado sought to enact agrarian reform, promote industry, improve education, and integrate Peru into John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, which was implemented as a means of developing Latin America.

Publications relating to political relations between the United States and other states generally include cables, memoranda, and correspondence addressing the political affairs and concerns affecting the particular state. Covering primarily the early Cold War documents, this collection gives researchers a unique insight into American foreign policy during one of its most stressful periods in international relations. After World War II, with only two superpowers vying for influence, access, and control, the United States looked to its state department to provide detailed analyses and insight into political affairs. As such these records are bound to be of great interest to diplomatic historians and historians studying these countries, seeking to understand American foreign affairs during this period.

The documents found in these files are predominantly instructions to – and despatches from – diplomatic and consular officials and are often accompanied by enclosures. Notes between the Department of State and foreign diplomats in the United States, memoranda prepared by State Department officials, and correspondence with officials of other government departments, as well as with private businesses and persons, are also included.

La Biblioteca Digital Puertorriqueña de la Universidad de Puerto Rico es un repositorio en línea de imágenes y texto relacionadas con la historia y la cultura puertorriqueña.

Es un archivo digital de fuentes primarias valiosas que comprende materiales gráficos diversos: caricaturas, carteles, dibujos, fotografías, mapas; manuscritos, libros y otras publicaciones. Incluye fotografías de la invaluable Colección de Fotos del Periódico El Mundo.

Estos recursos están disponibles libremente para los estudiosos, investigadores, estudiantes y otras personas interesadas en la historia, la política, la economía, los asuntos sociales y culturales de Puerto Rico desde el siglo XIX hasta el presente.

Un proyecto creado y desarrollado desde 1997 por Javier Almeyda Loucil

https://proxy1.library.virginia.edu/login?url=https://go.gale.com/ps/aboutThisCollection?userGroupName=viva_uva&inPS=true&mCode=4RJL&prodId=GDSC

Este espacio se nutre principalmente de recursos bibliográficos de la Colección Puertorriqueña del Recinto de Río Piedras de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, pero NO ES SU PÁGINA OFICIAL. Su propósito es educativo y enfocado en apoyar los estudios puertorriqueños. Para PREGUNTAS: javier.almeyda1@upr.edu. Para realizar BÚSQUEDAS utilice el siguiene enlace:

Organized and collected by University of New Mexico Libraries, this large collection contains posters from Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Panama, Nicaragua, and Spain among a few. Over 5,000 of these posters are available here. They address themes such as elections, imperialism, solidarity, human rights, and revolution.

Biblioteca digital de autores uruguayos difunde textos e imágenes, entrevistas, testimonios, ensayos periodísticos y obras literarias del pasado uruguayo que, hasta ahora, no fueron de fácil acceso ni reciben frecuente atención.

autores.uy es una base de datos de autores de Uruguay que permite consultar y reutilizar la información sobre las obras y autores que forman nuestro acervo cultural común.

Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Uruguay, 1945-1959

In February 1945 Uruguay signed the Declaration by United Nations and officially declared war on the Axis power, although it did not participate in any actual fighting. Prior to 1945, Uruguay came to the attention of the world as the final resting place of the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, scuttled in the port of Montevideo in December 1939 following the Battle of the River Plate.

During the Second World War and the Korean War, Uruguay saw economic prosperity supplying beef, wool, and leather to the Allies. Juan José de Amézaga Landaroso, President from 1943-1947, led his country through the closing years of the Second World War. A reformer, Amézaga passed laws concerning social welfare, education, improved working conditions, and healthcare. Amézaga was succeeded by Tomás Berreta Gandolfo, who died in office just five months into his tenure, and was succeeded by his Vice President, Luis Conrado Batlle y Berres, who would serve as President from 1947-1951, and again from 1955-1956. Batlle enacted numerous social reforms in the health and education sectors, including laws protecting and supporting women during and after pregnancy.

From 1952-1967, the presidency was effectively abolished and a nine-member National Council of Government (Consejo Nacional de Gobierno) was established in its place. The "presidency" rotated among the members of the majority party, with presidents serving annual terms. The idea behind this collegiate body (colegiado) was that it would lower the risk of a dictatorship emerging. Ultimately, the NGC proved ineffective, and it was abolished in a 1966 referendum.

Publications relating to political relations between the United States and other states generally include cables, memoranda, and correspondence addressing the political affairs and concerns affecting the particular state. Covering primarily the early Cold War documents, this collection gives researchers a unique insight into American foreign policy during one of its most stressful periods in international relations. After World War II, with only two superpowers vying for influence, access, and control, the United States looked to its state department to provide detailed analyses and insight into political affairs. As such these records are bound to be of great interest to diplomatic historians and historians studying these countries, seeking to understand American foreign affairs during this period.

The documents found in these files are predominantly instructions to – and despatches from – diplomatic and consular officials and are often accompanied by enclosures. Notes between the Department of State and foreign diplomats in the United States, memoranda prepared by State Department officials, and correspondence with officials of other government departments, as well as with private businesses and persons, are also included.

Hispana es un directorio y recolector de recursos digitales. Entre las colecciones que Hispana recolecta destacan los repositorios institucionales de las universidades españolas y las bibliotecas digitales de las Comunidades Autónomas, que ofrecen acceso a conjuntos crecientes de todo tipo de materiales (manuscritos, libros impresos, fotografías, mapas…) del patrimonio bibliográfico español.

Esta base de datos está creada por el Centro de Investigación MANES. MANES es un Centro de Investigación interuniversitario dedicado al estudio histórico de los manuales escolares de España, Portugal y América Latina, especialmente en los siglos XIX y XX.

Galiciana is the digital library of Galicia driven by the Secretaría Xeral de Cultura of the Xunta de Galicia and managed by the Library of Galicia.The project aims at the digitization of the most relevant bibliographic funds for Galicia. His aim is attained the maximum visibility of the digital resources integrated into it and interoperability with the main existing digitization projects today (Hispana and Europena).

Galiciana integrates currently, in addition to own funds of the Library of Galicia, works digitized in collaboration with the main Galician heritage libraries. In it you can consult resources digitised in such important cultural institutions for Galicia as the University of Santiago de Compostela, the Museum of the Galician People, the Foundation Penzol of Vigo, the Royal Galician Academy, the Seminar of Mondoñedo or the Library of Local Studies of the Coruña.

List of Spanish National Archives included in Pares:

• Archivo de la Corona de Aragón
  
• Archivo General de Simancas
  
• Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Valladolid
  
• Archivo General de Indias
  
• Archivo Histórico Nacional
  
• Archivo General de la Administración
  
• Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica
  
• Archivo Histórico de la Nobleza
  
• plus: Archivos en las Comunidades Autónomas
  

The Spanish Civil War Collection on microfilm from Research Publications (now Primary Source Microfilm, an imprint of the Gale Group) is based on the Herbert Rutledge Southworth Collection on the Spanish Civil War, which resides in the Mandeville Department of Special Collections of the University of California, San Diego Library. The Southworth Collection was acquired by the UCSD library from Herbert Southworth between 1966 and 1969. Gabriel Jackson, now professor emeritus of history at UCSD, was instrumental in bringing the Collection to San Diego and in promoting its use since that time.
To consult this collection, you should use the Interlibrary Loan Form. For more information email Miguel Valladares

On May 15th of 2011, thousands of activists and sympathizers gathered at Puerta del Sol, one of the best known and busiest places in the city of Madrid, to protest and demand solutions to rising unemployment and other symptoms of the ongoing economic crisis in Spain. They were joined by tens of thousands of protesters who demonstrated in streets and public spaces across Madrid, Barcelona and several other Spanish cities. In what became known as the Indignados or 15M (short for May 15th) Movement, participants initiated experimental workshops in participatory democracy that often resulted in rejection of the existing political system, capitalism, banks, and corruption. They also called for an expansion of basic citizen rights to include home, work, culture, health and education. Even though the movement eventually subsided, it had a profound impact in Spanish politics and society, as well as on movements in other parts of the world that were inspired by it. The materials comprising Princeton University Library’s collection were gathered in 2011, during the protests, by a participant with whom the library partnered to document the movement.

El Movimiento 15M es un movimiento social surgido de la indignación popular y que eclosionó tras la Manifestación del 15 de mayo de 2011 que recorrió más de 50 ciudades de toda España y en la que participaron más de 200 asociaciones.

Las principales demandas exigidas son un cambio radical en la política española (bipartidismo PP-PSOE) y el rechazo al desempleo, los recortes, la corrupción y a un sistema injusto que considera a las personas mercancías. Se exige que se cumplan los derechos básicos, como el derecho de acceso a la vivienda, el derecho al trabajo, a la participación política, a la cultura, a una sanidad y educación públicas y de calidad.

A lo largo del año 2011 tuvieron lugar más de 200 acampadas y 600 asambleas (organizadas en grupos de trabajo) en las que se hicieron estas reivindicaciones y propuestas. Posteriormente se sucedieron Acampada Bankia (2012-2013), Inviernos al Sol (2013) y Acampada Mordaza (2015). Las manifestaciones y marchas cubrieron toda la geografía española.

En estos años han aparecido más de 1 000 colectivos que concentran sus esfuerzos en luchas concretas. Algunos sectores como el de la sanidad o la educación públicas se han organizado en mareas, la marea blanca y marea verde respectivamente. Así mismo han surgido asociaciones, centros sociales, cooperativas, bancos de tiempo y monedas sociales.

El Becerro Galicano de San Millán de la Cogolla es un cartulario monástico confeccionado hacia 1195 en la célebre abadía riojana. Escrito en letra carolina, contiene unos 750 documentos del período que se extiende de 759 a 1194, además de una veintena de textos que se añadieron a sus últimos folios en el siglo XIII.

El Becerro Galicano constituye una de las fuentes fundamentales para el estudio de la España cristiana entre los siglos VIII y XII. El emplazamiento de San Millán de la Cogolla y lo vasto de su dominio hacen de este cartulario una fuente indispensable para la primera historia del reino de Pamplona y del condado de Castilla, y en general para el conocimiento de las tierras y las gentes de La Rioja, Navarra, Castilla, Álava y Bizkaia durante cuatro centurias.

Records of the Department of State Relating to Political Relations Between the United States and Venezuela, 1945-1959
Arguably, Venezuela's 20th century history has been most notably impacted by the discovery and exploitation of its petroleum reserves. Foreign investment in development of the oil fields led to great wealth for foreign investors, the Venezuelan government, and those individuals to whom the government granted concessions.
The span of years between 1945-1959 began with a coup d'état in 1945, when President Isaías Medina Angarita was overthrown by a combination of a military rebellion and a popular movement led by Democratic Action, a social democratic political party. In 1947, free elections were held and Rómulo Ángel del Monte Carmelo Gallegos Freire, a novelist and politician, was elected President. In office only for a brief span of months in 1948, Gallegos nevertheless was able to raise the State's tax revenue for oil profits and implemented an open-door immigration policy, which led to an influx of Italian immigrants.
1948 saw another coup d'état when Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, Marcos Pérez Jiménez and Luis Felipe Llovera Páez overthrew the elected president, Rómulo Gallegos. General Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez took over the country as dictator, ruling from 1950 to 1958. Rising oil prices led to infrastructure projects and industrial development, and Venezuela's economy developed rapidly. Pérez tolerated no opposition, and his political police, the Dirección de Seguridad Nacional (National Security), suppressed criticism and imprisoned those who opposed his rule. Interestingly, Pérez himself was overthrown by a military coup on 23 January 1958.
Publications relating to political relations between the United States and other states generally include cables, memoranda, and correspondence addressing the political affairs and concerns affecting the particular state. Covering primarily the early Cold War documents, this collection gives researchers a unique insight into American foreign policy during one of its most stressful periods in international relations. After World War II, with only two superpowers vying for influence, access, and control, the United States looked to its state department to provide detailed analyses and insight into political affairs. As such these records are bound to be of great interest to diplomatic historians and historians studying these countries, seeking to understand American foreign affairs during this period.
The documents found in these files are predominantly instructions to – and despatches from – diplomatic and consular officials and are often accompanied by enclosures. Notes between the Department of State and foreign diplomats in the United States, memoranda prepared by State Department officials, and correspondence with officials of other government departments, as well as with private businesses and persons, are also included.

Documents in this collection illustrate Cold War contexts, the role of the United States in Venezuela's foreign affairs, and the centrality of oil in the Venezuelan economy. Examples include a U.S. Department of State telegram titled "Communist Subversion in Venezuela," which details "three foreign Communists" being held on "charges of conspiring to overthrow the government, illegally purchasing arms and disseminating Red propaganda..." Illustrations of the Castro-Communist insurgency in Venezuela include a letter from Ambassador Stewart C. Allen to the Secretary of State that details a detachment of Marines being sent "[to] guard Maracaibo Lake installations and security installations elsewhere being strengthened. "Meanwhile arrest extremist labor leaders continuing in oil fields on direct instructions [to] State Governors from President" (October 1962). Other documents detail a range of issues, such as: clarification of Venezuelan boundaries; multiple balance sheets for the Central Bank of Venezuela; and police corruption in Zulia, one of Venezuela's twenty-three states.